- 學位論文
威爾第歌劇《茶花女》中寫實主義的呈現
Realism in Verdi's Opera La Traviata
摘要
威爾第(Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi, 1813-1901)是十九世紀義大利最具代表性的歌劇作曲家之一。 十九世紀上半葉，受到革命風潮鼓吹，浪漫主義及英雄情懷感染了歐洲各國，威爾第受此影響，早期作品多以歷史題材及民族意識作為歌劇主題，壯闊的音樂及激盪的歌聲，使其成為義大利人民心目中的愛國音樂家。然威爾第於1853年譜寫歌劇《茶花女》(La Traviata, 1853)，該劇改編自法國作家小仲馬(Alexandre Dumas fils, 1824-1895)的文學作品，劇中情節大部分均為作者親身經歷，如實地呈現十九世紀資產階級及上流社會的生活， 並以低下階層之妓女作為劇中主角，引發當時歐洲文壇及歌劇界議論之聲。 本文就十九世紀歐洲寫實主義之起源及發展進行論述，並探討寫實主義由法國繪畫及文學界發端後，於歐洲各國衍生出不同之藝術風格與作品，最後由文學引領音樂，在義大利寫實主義歌劇(Verismo)舞台上大放異彩之過程，作一統合整理。並依照歌劇《茶花女》之背景設定、劇情走向、人物角色、心理狀態及其所反映的當下社會現況等，綜合歸納為三大面向：當代社會現況的音樂呈現、異國元素與地方性色彩及人物性格與內心刻劃，逐一說明，並就其音樂上的呈現手法加以探討分析之。
並列摘要
Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (1813-1901) was one of the representative opera composers in Italy in the nineteenth century. With the advocacy of the revolution trend prevalent in the first half of the 19th century, romanticism and heroic feelings influenced the people of European countries, including Verdi. His early works, which are mostly based on historical themes and have national consciousness as their subject, combined said sentiment with magnificent music and vibrant songs, making him a patriotic musician in the Italian people’s hearts. Verdi wrote the opera La Traviata in 1853, most of which was adapted from the literary work of Alexandre Dumas fils (1824-1895), a French writer. Most of the story’s plots came from the writer’s own experience and faithfully represented lives in the capitalist class and gentry in the 19th century. A low-class prostitute in the novel became a leading role in the opera, which sparked widespread discussions throughout European literary circles and the opera world. This article discusses the origin and development of European Realism in the 19th century and explores different artistic styles and works in European countries that derived from realism after its initiation in the fields of French painting and literature. Finally, the process with which literature led music to yield unusually brilliant results on the stage of Italian Verismo is integrated into the artistic evolution. According to background setting, plot, characters, psychological states and the reflected social status at that period in the opera La Traviata, this article comprehensively concludes that the opera is defined by three main aspects: 1. True reflection of contemporary social status; 2. Exotic elements and local features; and 3. Fashioned personal characters and an inner world, all of which are respectively discoursed to analyze the presentation of this music.