伯靈頓「契斯維克別墅」之研究

伯靈頓伯爵三世（3rd Earl of Burlington, 1694-1753），是十八世紀英格蘭帕拉底歐主義（English Palladianism）發展中最受到矚目的建築師。他繼承自文藝復興後期，義大利最重要的建築師帕拉底歐（Andrea Palladio, 1508-1580）的理念與風格，也重將十七世紀作為大不列顛古典主義開端的伊尼哥．瓊斯（Inigo Jones, 1573-1652）之建築形式，帶回英格蘭建築史的舞台上。契斯維克別墅（Chiswick House）與花園是伯靈頓建築作品中最能顯現時代和個人特質的代表，該建築融合了各方的古典樣式，表現其建築風貌的多樣性。　　契斯維克別墅是伯靈頓於十八世紀時，領銜英格蘭古典建築發展、提倡帕拉底歐風格復興運動成功的證明，他在建築知識的博學、考古熱情和藝術喜好，是造就國家建築品味的根基。在別墅與花園內所運用的古代、帕拉底歐或瓊斯等建築形式，展現伯靈頓的古典內涵及擅長引經據典的設計能力，使成為英格蘭帕拉底歐主義古典建築之典範。他對古代藝術和古典主義的崇尚，肇因於歐陸旅行（Grand Tour）的收穫，包含古羅馬、帕拉底歐以及史卡莫奇（Vincenzo Scamozzi, 1548-1616）的建築作品，也受到科倫．坎貝爾（Colen Campbell, 1676-1729）建築著書出版的影響。伯靈頓在契斯維克別墅建造前的古典嘗試，與威廉．肯特（William Kent, 1685-1748）和亨利．弗利克夫特（Henry Flitcroft, 1697-1769）的合作，皆為他古典理想的實踐。　　伯靈頓著迷於古典建築元素的崇高意義，同時為契斯維克尋覓具有大不列顛民族特色的樣式，藉由能象徵古代帝國強盛的形式，呈現別墅優雅且莊嚴的氣質。伯靈頓卓越的建築專才，為十八世紀古典之途創立新的風潮及標的，契斯維克別墅則奠定了英格蘭帕拉底歐主義在建築藝術史上的地位，確立該建築風格的不列顛個性，並實現建立國家建築品味之目的。

關鍵字

伯靈頓伯爵、契斯維克別墅、古典主義、帕拉底歐主義

並列摘要

Richard Boyle, the Third Earl of Burlington (1694-1753), was the most notable architect of English Palladianism development in the eighteenth century. He inherited the concepts and manners from the period’s most pivotal Italian architect, Andrea Palladio (1508-1580), during the late Renaissance. In addition, he brought the distinctive forms of Inigo Jones (1573-1652) back to the stage of English architectural history, which was to become the beginning of British classicism in the seventeenth-century. Chiswick House and gardens is one of Burlington's most significant and epoch-making architectural works. This house integrates various classical motifs and represents a rich variety of architectural exteriors. 　　Chiswick House is the most striking proof of Burlington’s success in leading the expansion of English classical architecture, and advocating the Palladian Revival Movement in the eighteenth-century. His broad knowledge of architecture, passion for archaeology, and preference for art, were to become the basis for the national taste of architecture. The way in which Burlington manipulated the house and gardens was suggestive of the architectural forms of both the ancients and the influences of Palladio and Inigo Jones, and was indicative of his ability to infuse his designs with the combination of the classical arts with the citing of more contemporary references. Moreover, Chiswick led both man and house to become paragons of classical architecture and English Palladianism. His adoration for ancient art and classicism stemmed from the great harvests from Grand Tour, including architectural works from ancient Rome, Palladio and Vincenzo Scamozzi (1548-1616). He was also affected by a publication of architectural illustrations which was authored by Colen Campbell (1676-1729). Burlington's attempts at classical architecture before Chiswick House was built, as well as his collaboration with William Kent (1685-1748) and Henry Flitcroft (1697-1769), were to lay the groundwork for his practice of classical ideals. 　　Burlington was fascinated by the sublime sense of classical architectural elements, while he sought the motifs which contained British national features for Chiswick House. He presented the elegant and stately temperament of the House by the architectural forms which symbolized the power of ancient empires. Burlington created a new tendency and aim for eighteenth century classicism via his marvellous architectural expertise. Chiswick House established a position of English Palladianism in both architecture and art history, as well as building the British characteristics of this style. He achieved his purpose of establishing a national taste of architecture.

並列關鍵字

Lord Burlington, Chiswick House, Classicism, Palladianism

參考文獻

Ackerman, James S., The Villa: Form And Ideology of Country Houses, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.

Airs, Malcolm, The Renaissance Villa in Britain 1500-1700, Reading: Spire Books, 2007.

Anderson, Christy, Inigo Jones and the Classical Tradition, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Arciszewska, Barbara and Elizabeth McKellar eds., Articulating British Classicism: New Approaches to Eighteenth-Century Architecture, UK; USA: Ashgate, 2004.

Ayres, Plilip, Classical Culture and the Idea of Rome in Eighteenth-Century England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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伯靈頓「契斯維克別墅」之研究

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