創業救台灣：台灣創新創業文化體制的變遷

Can Entrepreneurship Save Taiwan? The Transformation of Innovation and Entrepreneurial Culture Regimes in Taiwan

謝爾庭(Er-Ting Hsieh)

指導教授 ： 吳泉源

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/社會學研究所/碩士(2017年)

摘要

被譽為創業之島的台灣，近年來在「帶動產業轉型」的口號下，捲起一波鼓勵創業的風潮。我們發現，這波風潮深具文化建構的意涵。本研究以「文化體制」的概念解讀台灣戰後兩波鼓勵創業的風潮：1980年代的半導體創業潮，以及2010年代強調青年創業的風潮，並分析其文化動力的轉變，以及主導概念、制度場域和個人行動之間的關係，藉以找出當前熱潮的背後成因與可能盲點。
本研究發現，台灣創新創業文化體制的主導概念，從最初的科技報國情感，轉變為科技業榮景時期的「帶著技術創業」，再到「創業救台灣」論述所強調的學習矽谷與創業青年培育。其運作機制，從過去由上而下，以工研院為中心的關鍵社群不斷演示、傳播創業圖像，轉變為由民間主導的去中心化社群，在「創業生態系」的概念整合，以新創圈之姿和政府持續協作、角力，鼓勵創業。

相對於主流論述只將創業視為純粹的經濟行動，本研究透過跨時性的比較，指出創業同時也是文化習得的過程。其中，不同時期的文化體制提供行動者不同的創業圖像，引導其行動。體制的變遷也呈現了政府和民間在文化生產角色分工上的轉變。

正當全球各國都在尋找自身在地優勢之際，以文化體制的角度重新檢視創業風潮，將指出當前體制的盲點：過分強調矽谷模式的優越而忽略了台灣過往的產業成就，來自於取得了全球分工上和矽谷不同的獨特位置。但若要深化新一代創業者與台灣在地技術社群的連結，建立另類論述並不足夠，而應當創造相對應的文化體制，才能帶來真正的轉型。

關鍵字

創業 ； 創新 ； 創業生態系 ； 產業轉型 ； 文化體制

並列摘要

In recent years, Taiwan, as a "boss island", has witnessed a new wave of promoting entrepreneurship aiming for industrial transformation. We find that much of this movement across the country are actually cultural constructs. Using the concept of "cultural regime," this thesis analyzes two different waves of promoting entrepreneurship in post-war Taiwan: the first wave in the 1980s, which promotes entrepreneurship in the semiconductor industry, and the second wave in the 2010s, which promotes youth entrepreneurship. This Thesis focuses on the changes of the cultural dynamics over time, and the relation between dominant concepts, institutional fields, and individual practices, in order to find the causes and possible blind spots behind recent entrepreneurial fever.

Our investigation shows that the dominant concept of innovation and entrepreneurial culture regimes in Taiwan has changed: from the complex of national sentiment and serving the country with technology, to "start up with a new technology", to the latest one, "save Taiwan's economy with entrepreneurship", emphasizing the importance of young entrepreneurs and learning from the silicon valley. The overall mechanism of promoting has also changed. In the past, it's a top-down approach, with critical institutes like ITRI and NCTU continually building up a powerful entrepreneur image. Over time, it has changed to a decentralized network in the private sector. Under the concept of "entrepreneurial ecosystem", the "startup circle" has been integrated and begins to cooperate and/or compete with the government while promoting entrepreneurship in Taiwan.

In contrast with mainstream discourses, which renders entrepreneurship merely as economic practices, I argue that entrepreneurship is also a cultural learning process, based on the comparison of two different waves. The culture regimes in different waves provide distinct entrepreneurial images for actors and guide their actions. Also, the transformation of regimes shows the changing roles of cultural production in the government and private sectors.

While countries around the globe compete to search for their own competitive advantages, by re-examining entrepreneurial waves using the concept of cultural regime, we would like to point out the flaw in the dominant discourse: it privileges the silicon valley model while ignoring the fact that Taiwan's industrial achievement results from the ability to occupy a unique position in the global production network. However, linking local technology communities and young entrepreneurs cannot simply rely on building alternative discourses. Taiwan needs a corresponding cultural regime to bring about a meaningful industrial transformation.

並列關鍵字

entrepreneurship ； innovation ； entrepreneurial ecosystem ； industrial transformaion ； cultural regime

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