漢語疑問詞「怎麼」之左緣結構分析

本論文以句法製圖的方式分析漢語疑問詞「怎麼」句法位置。本研究主要聚焦位於 CP 層次中的疑問詞「怎麼」。在先前的研究中，已關注到位於模態詞之前的疑問詞有兩種功能，一種功能可作為疑問句詢問「起因」，另一種功能則作為答覆表達「否認」(Tsai 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008)。然而，本篇認為疑問詞「怎麼」尚有兩個新的「怎麼」功能，這兩種「怎麼」的語力(illocutionary force)皆高於「否認」怎麼。一種「怎麼」為「強否認」，作為表達更高的語力，因此原先否認「怎麼」於本篇重新定義為「弱否認」。另一種「怎麼」表達否定語意，作為否定句子的命題。本論文研究四種疑問詞「怎麼」: (1)「起因」怎麼 (2) 「弱否認」怎麼 (3) 「強否認」怎麼 (4)「否定」怎麼。根據CP切割假說 (Split-CPhypothesis)(Rizzi 1997, 1999)，本篇認為疑問詞「怎麼」吻合 Tsai (1994, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008)的研究，可繪製出清晰的句法與語意位址定位圖。

關鍵字

非典疑問詞；怎麼；左緣結構；否定；否認

並列摘要

This thesis aims to map out the syntactic distribution of the wh-phrase zenme ‘how-come’ in Chinese under the cartographic approach. In this thesis, I focus on zenme which occurs in the CP domain. It has been observed that zenme in the pre- modal position can either serve as a question to ask the cause of an event (i.e., the causal zenme), or serve as a reply to deny the occurrence of an event (i.e., the denial zenme) (Tsai 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008). However, there are two more new usages of the wh-phrase zenme ‘how’ which both demonstrate even stronger illocutionary force than the denial zenme. One kind of zenme denotes a stronger degree of denial interpretation (hereafter the ‘strong denial or ‘s-denial’ for short) than that of denial zenme and thus the original denial zenme is henceforth viewed as the weak denial zenme (‘w-denial’ for short) in this thesis. Another usage of zenme denotes negative interpretation so as to negate the whole proposition that the sentence denotes. In this thesis, I investigate the four wh-phrase zenme's ‘how-come’: (1) the causal zenme, (2) the w-denial zenme, (3) the s-denial zenme, and (4) the negative zenme. Following Rizzi’s (1997, 1999) Split-CP hypothesis, I propose that the wh-phrase zenme ‘how-come’ in Chinese demonstrates a transparent mapping of syntax and semantics in line with Tsai (1994, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008).

並列關鍵字

non-canonical wh-phrase ； zenme ； left periphery ； negative ； denial

參考文獻

Beck, Sigrid. and Shin-Sook Kim. 1997. On wh- and operator scope in Korean. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6:4, 339-384.

Google Scholar

Bhatt, Rajesh. 1999. ‘Actuality Entailments of Ability Modals’. In: ‘Proceedings of the 17th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics’, CSLI, Palo Alto, CA, pp. 74–87.