從智慧製造與服務創新觀點分析台灣實踐製造業服務化的關鍵

因全球產業近年面臨科技巨幅發展進步及各國高強度之貿易競爭而產生了巨大的結構性改變，迫使各個企業，在策略上都不得不面臨重大轉型以因應未來的環境變化。　　透過文獻回顧完成資料收集後，發現工業4.0是全球性的議題也是各工業強國針對未來製造業在面臨競爭時推出之振興產業的政策方法，各個國家依其不同的文化、發展歷史、人口組成及先天資源及環境等不同因素下，發現其所發展的工業4.0方向仍有不同，本研究透過文獻整理出有關製造業欲轉型至製造服務化之關鍵成功因素，遂分為智慧製造及服務創新這二個構面進行研究，於智慧製造這個構面，依文獻及我國行政院生產力政策內容找出了12項重要的因子，並透過分析歸納德日美三國之工業4.0變革政策所採取之方法與12項重要因子做比對，結合整理出德日美三國共通皆採取之最重要之6項因子，接著，於服務創新這個構面中亦透過文獻及理論找出較重要的4項因子，統整成為二大構面共 10 項重要因子，由台灣各大公司的高階決策幹部共15位專家參與填答問卷。運用決策實驗分析(DEMATEL)，得出各關鍵因素之影響關聯性後，設定門檻值找出製造業服務化成功關鍵決策結構模型，並運用修訂 DANP(A new version of DANP)法，計算出各關鍵因素的權重，找出最重要之台灣製造業轉型的思維重點及建議作法。　　研究結果發現，最終分析以「資料和知識被建構成模型」因子的總影響程度最大，原因度分析以「連結」的導致程度最高，意謂的是影響台灣製造業轉型至製造服務業之成功關鍵因素中「資料和知識被建構成模型」因子扮演非常關鍵的特色，這因子是指預測生產、預測隱患能力之前提模型，也是反應目前台灣製造業的現況及在此方面能力之普遍欠缺，更遑論此關鍵因子在各個文獻回顧中一再強調是工業3.0跳躍至工業4.0的基本功，即要轉型成為製造服務業若欠缺此關鍵因子，便無法創造新的營運模式及創造價值。再從整體關鍵因素之權重排序分析，在影響製造業服務化之關鍵因素結構模型圖權重最高的前五項分別為「資料和知識被建構成模型」、「新的服務概念」、「連結」、「雲端技術」及「新的服務傳遞系統」。　　從本研究之分析最高權重的五項關鍵因素得知，單有一套智慧工廠很難產生智慧生產所帶來的綜效，其重點是必須還要結合適當的、創新的「商業模式」即「新的服務概念」及「新的服務傳遞系統」，否則只是在自動化及電腦化的生產配備的腳底下多墊上幾塊物聯網的磚頭，沒有太大的意義。故，有了邁向工業4.0智慧生產的技術，還須有建立新的商業思維、商業生態圈，方能與顧客盡情、密集、主動的互動並創造出全新的生產者與顧客、生產夥伴、供應商、外在環境間的工業生態體系。

關鍵字

工業4.0 ；智慧製造；製造服務；服務創新； DEMATEL ； D-ANP

並列摘要

In recent years, the global industry has faced tremendous technological developments and high-intensity trade competitions in various countries, which has caused huge structural changes, forcing companies to face major transformations in response to future environmental changes. After completing the data collection through literature review, it is found that Industry 4.0 is a global issue and a policy method for industrial powers to promote the industry in the face of competition in the future. Each country has its own culture, development history, population composition and under different factors such as innate resources and environment, it is found that the direction of Industry 4.0 that it develops is still different. This study sorts out the key success factors of manufacturing to transform into manufacturing service, and divides it into smart manufacturing and service innovation. The study of the two factors, in the wisdom of manufacturing this factor, based on the literature and the contents of the productivity policy of the Executive Yuan of China, identified 12 important factors, and analyzed and summarized the methods adopted by the German, Japanese and American industrial 4.0 policies. The 12 important factors are compared, and the six most important factors taken by the German, Japanese, and American countries are combined. Then, in the service innovation, the four important factors are identified through literature and theory. The whole process has become a major factor in the top of the two major factors. A total of 15 experts from the top-level decision-making cadres of major companies in Taiwan participated in the project. Using decision-making experimental analysis (DEMATEL), after deriving the correlation of various key factors, set the threshold value to find out the key decision-making structure model of manufacturing service success, and use the revised DANP (A new version of DANP) method to calculate each weight of key factors to identify the most important thinking and recommendations of Taiwan's manufacturing transformation. The results of the study found that the final analysis had the greatest impact on the factors of “data and knowledge being built into a model”. The reason analysis was the most likely to result in “links”, which meant the success of Taiwan’s manufacturing transformation to manufacturing services. Among the key factors, the “data and knowledge is built into a model” factor plays a very key feature. This factor refers to the model before predicting the production and prediction of hidden dangers. It is also a response to the current situation of Taiwanese manufacturing industry and the general lack of capacity in this respect. Moreover, this key factor has repeatedly emphasized in the review of various literatures that it is the basic skill of Industrial 3.0 Jump to Industry 4.0. If it is to become a manufacturing service industry, if it lacks this key factor, it will not be able to create new business models and create value. From the weighting of the overall key factors, the top five items with the highest weight of the structural model diagrams affecting the service industry of manufacturing are “data and knowledge are built into models”, “new service concepts” and “links”. , "Cloud Technology" and "New Service Delivery System". From the five key factors in the analysis of the highest weight of this study, it is difficult to produce a comprehensive effect brought by smart production in a single smart factory. The key point is that it must be combined with an appropriate and innovative "business model". The new service concept and the "new service delivery system", otherwise it is only a few pieces of IoT bricks under the foot of the automated and computerized production equipment, which does not make much sense. Therefore, with the technology of smart production in Industry 4.0, it is necessary to establish a new business thinking and business ecosystem, in order to interact with customers in a dense, intensive and active way and create new producers and customers, production partners, Industrial ecosystem between suppliers and external environment.