問題解決歷程之架構分析研究

A Study on the Process of Problem Solving

溫在正(Tsai-Jeng Wen)

指導教授 ： 王晃三

中原大學/工學院/工業工程研究所/碩士(2001年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu200100513

摘要

問題在人類生活中無所不在，小至個人如何填飽肚子、如何保護自己、如何成就個人願景，大至世界人口問題、教育問題、管理問題、環保問題、醫學問題、軍事問題、社會問題、政治問題等等，在在都有待人類加以解決。事實上，問題一直是人類生活中的一部份，人類生活中無時無刻不在設法解決問題，人類的歷史可以說是一部人類解決各種問題的歷史。因此，如何有效的解決問題從古至今一直是人類共同關切的課題。
世界發展進入21世紀，當今人類的問題更是龐大而且複雜，若是沒有一個有系統的解決問題的方式，人類勢必面臨無法解決問題的窘境，如何發展有系統而有效的問題解決方法，更是一個迫切的課題。
歷來，解決問題有專家與生手之分，其中最關鍵的差別在於面對問題時，專家在心中有一個結構化的解決問題思維方式與程序，換句話說，專家懂得使用一個發展成熟的解決問題歷程。然而歷來，各行各業的專家面對各種問題，都有他們特有的問題解決歷程，可是，當世界面臨過度、專業化的趨勢，是否有一個適用於各種情境的問題解決歷程，乃是一個值得深思問題。
因此，本研究的目的設定在找出一個可以解決所有類別問題的「通用問題解決歷程」。
為此，本研究收集各類別問題解決之歷程，使用文獻分析與評比分析法之方法，致力探索一個通用問題的解決歷程。
本研究分成兩大部分進行；於第一部份中，從所收集的一般類、管理類、教育類、認知科學類、數學類、雜類等問題解決文獻資料，經由文獻探討，探究各類別問題解決歷程之結構以及特點，並予以歸納整理；於第二部份中，使用評比分析法，將上述各類別問題解決之歷程，整理出各該類之特有架構，再將所有類別的問題解決歷程架構進一步加以整合，據以發展出通用的問題解決歷程架構。
本研究所發展的問題解決歷程，不只足以涵蓋歷來學者所發展出的重要問題解決歷程外，而且也融合了創意創新以及知識管理的概念，適用於處理各種情境的「通用問題解決歷程」。

關鍵字

問題解決歷程 ； 知識管理 ； 創造性問題解決歷程 ； 通用問題解決歷程

並列摘要

Problems exist in every walk of life, covering personal problems such as feeding oneself, protecting oneself or achieving one’s personal goals, and macro-problems such as world population problem, education problem, management problem, environment problem, medical problem, military problem, social problem, politics problem etc. It is save to say that the human history is histories of how people dedicating to solving problems. How to effectively solve problems has long been a common concern of the mankind.
As the world steps into the 21st century, the problems encountered by the human beings are growing rapidly in both the size and the complexity. Failing to solve these problems systematically will lead to the failure of human society. It is therefore considered a pressing issue to develop effective & systematic approaches for solving problems.
In solving problems, people are classified into the experts and novices. The key distinction between the two lies in the fact that the experts have in mind a structured way of thinking and a procedure of solving problems. In other words, the experts have in procession a well-developed problem solving process. However, the various processes developed by the experts of different professions each have their own special features to meet their special needs. Yet in an overly specialized world, question remains to be answered, i.e., is there a generalized process, which is applicable to all problems in the occasions. It is therefore the main purpose of this study to search and develop a generalized problem solving process. For this purpose, we collected form the literature the various areas, and employed the literature analysis and the comparison study to explore for a common problem solving process.
This study consists of two major sections. Firstly we studied over the problem solving literatures covering various areas including management, education, cognition science, mathematics, etc. The structures and characteristics of each process are extracted. Secondly we used comparison study and deduction approach to find out the common structure of problem solving process pertaining to that specific area. Then, we further integrated the above-mentioned structures into one single and common problem solving process named as “generalized problem solving process”.
The problem solving process developed in this study covers not only the major processes commonly applied in various professional environments, but also integrates with the concepts of creativity, innovation as well as the knowledge management, and therefor is applicable to various situations.

並列關鍵字

knowledge management ； generalized problem solving process ； creative problem solving ； problem solving process

參考文獻

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