- 學位論文
威脅自我事件對不同自我區隔個體的影響
The Impact of Ego-Threat Events on Individuals with Different Levels of Self-Compartmentalization
摘要
自我區隔意指個體組織正負向自我訊息的傾向，高區隔組織個體傾向將正向及負向的自我相關訊息分別組織，高整合組織(低區隔)個體則傾向將正向及負向的自我相關訊息加以統整。先前研究多著重於理論的提出及自我區隔結構對個體的長期性影響，卻未曾直接檢驗自我區隔的基本假定，因此本研究主要目的之一即是探討不同自我區隔程度的個體在面對威脅自我負向事件時的情緒及因應行為反應。本研究的另一目的則是藉由操弄獨立向度或相依向度的威脅自我事件，探討當個體的認知焦點不同時，高低自我區隔程度個體在情緒與因應行為上的可能差異。 透過前置研究的句子完成作業(TST)，本研究首先收集華人個體的自發性自我概念內容，計算出華人自我概念內容中的正負向比例(2:1)與獨立相依建構比例(3:1)，並以此為依據挑選出41個常用的自我描述詞，建立適合國人的自我區隔測量作業。正式研究為2 (區隔: 高區隔/低區隔) X 3 (衝擊向度: 獨立衝擊/相依衝擊/控制組)的二因子受試者間設計，由251位中原大學受試者中篩選出高自我區隔與低自我區隔個體共93位進行正式實驗，以虛構的能力或人際向度負向回饋分別衝擊獨立向度及相依向度，並進行情緒與自我評價的評估；隨後要求受試者與同性別之互動對象進行結構式互動，以瞭解互動對象對受試者的喜歡程度與性格特質評估。 研究結果顯示，高區隔受試者的整體情緒狀況較低區隔受試者更正向，有較高的社會自尊，但是也被他人認為較具有傲慢或衝動等負向性格特質；此外，接受負向衝擊的高區隔受試者並未展現出潛藏的易受傷性，反而是低區隔受試者較容易受到負向衝擊事件的影響，此結果可以本文中所提出的「阻隔假說」加以解釋與說明。另一方面，相對於相依向度受到衝擊的受試者而言，接受獨立向度衝擊的受試者確實較容易產生自我專注的因應行為，也較不被他人所喜愛；接受相依向度衝擊的受試者則在能力向度出現了自我提升的情形，似乎企圖藉由自我肯定歷程的運作維持正向的自我評價。
並列摘要
Self-compartmentalization refers to the tendency to organize one’s self-aspects so that the self-relevant information associated with any given aspect is either uniformly positive or uniformly negative (Showers, 1992). Individuals with low level of self-compartmentalization tend to integrate both positive and negative self-relevant information within each aspect. Previous research focused mainly on the longitudinal effects of self-compartmentalization. The present research was designed to explore the possible emotion reactions and coping behavior when different ego-threat events imposed on individuals with different level of self-compartmentalization. Through the Twenty Statement Test (TST), participants’ spontaneous self-descriptions were collected to develop the Chinese version of Self-Concept Sorting Task. Two hundred and fifty one research participants were then received the Self-Concept Sorting Task and prescreened for self-compartmentalization. Ninety three participants were then assigned to a 2 (level of compartmentalization: high vs. low) X 3 (ego-threat events: independent vs. interdependent vs. control) factorial design. After receiving ego-threat events (i.e., either fictitious negative feedback on intelligence or interpersonal relationship), participants then engaged in a structured interaction with a same-sex partner. The main dependent measures were subjects’ self-ratings of mood and self-evaluation prior to the interaction, and partner’s ratings on likeability and personality. The results revealed that, comparing with the low-compartmentalized subjects, individuals with high level of self-compartmentalization were generally in a more positive mood. High-compartmentalized subjects also had higher social self-esteem; however, their self-view was not shared by their interaction partner. They were considered as having more negative personality traits. Inconsistent with Showers’ “hidden vulnerability” assumption, our results indicated that high-compartmentalized participants were less vulnerable to ego-threat events. A “disconnection” hypothesis was proposed to explain the inconsistency. The results also revealed a main effect of ego-threat events. Participants who received negative intelligent feedback seemed to adopt self-repair strategies, and therefore, were rated as more self-focused and less likable. Although compared with subjects in the no feedback condition, subjects who receiving negative interpersonal feedback did not show a stronger tendency to employ the compensatory strategies and tried harder to be accepted by their partner, however, they did engaged in self-affirmation process in order to maintain their self-evaluation. Further implications were also discussed.