兒童戶外遊戲場之參與式設計研究

The Study of Participatory Design in Kindergarten Playground Planning

簡銘鋒(Min-Fon Jian)

指導教授 ： 魏主榮

中原大學/設計學院/室內設計研究所/碩士(2006年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/CYCU.2006.00022

摘要

摘要

專業者提出的設計方案與使用者需求常存在共識形成的問題，又兒童遊戲環境領域相關研究，多著重在兒童發展與遊戲行為、兒童遊戲安全評估等面向，兒童空間規劃應用「參與式設計」，國內尚無明顯經驗，本研究目的在以參與式設計的操作方法與過程，探討兒童戶外遊戲場規劃應用參與式設計之可行性。

以文獻探討的研究方法，針對參與式設計之操作經驗，含括操作對象、操作方式、操作過程加以比較，並以國內某托兒所戶外遊戲場規劃之操作過程，透過四個參與式活動設計，即：兒童繪圖活動、使用需求座談會、設計方案交流會、問卷填寫活動，加以探討兒童戶外遊戲場應用參與式設計的形成過程。部分活動係採用觀察法為主要調查方法，並按操作計畫擬定預設流程之操作方式，選定合適之參與對象，分作三個不同階段進行。

首先，是以基地現況調查，瞭解現況問題和提出遊戲場設計課題，再透過兒童繪圖活動、使用需求座談會(第一次)，蒐集使用需求，經規劃者的設計專業判斷，提出初步構想方案。其次，是透過使用需求座談會(第二次)，規劃者與參與者在雙方溝通與討論後，重新修改設計需要，提出第2次構想方案。最後，是透過使用需求座談會(第三次)，討論重點有設施種類、位置及數量之確定，最後結果乃為參與對象達成共識部分，所形成之設計方案。後續舉辦設計方案交流會，以瞭解不同的溝通工具，諸如動畫、模型等媒材，與參與對象之互動關係及瞭解溝通成效，再經由問卷填寫活動，蒐集參與者更多的意見及需求。

參與式活動主要發現如下：一、參與式設計的參與對象在設計方案的認識上有年齡與方案表現工具兩項重要影響因素。二、參與者的參與興趣與參與方式有相當的關係。三、參與者的意見表達方式需藉由適合參與對象的多元方式表達。

遊戲場參與式設計之操作，獲得主要結論如下：一、兒童戶外遊戲場規劃有效應用參與式設計，參與模式與參與方式有一定程度之影響；二、溝通工具等不同媒材，其表達能力與參與者接受程度有明顯關係；三、參與者的參與意願與參與時間有相當的關係，例如：前置階段蒐集參與者的意見，能有效減少後面規劃方案溝通與決策的時間；四、參與式設計應用於兒童遊戲場，較能得到良好之效應，即：參與者認同且較為完善的遊戲場規劃。

關鍵字

參與式設計 ； 遊戲場規劃 ； 兒童遊戲場

並列摘要

Abstract

Generally, there’re differences between the experts’ design plan and the end-user's demand. That’s why the former often has problem to come to a common understanding with the later. The relevant research of the environmental field of children's playground always focus on children's development and the behavior of playing game, or with respect to the safety evaluation of the children's games, etc. About the planning of children’s space-usage in Taiwan, there isn’t any outstanding experience yet in applying the participatory design. The purpose of this thesis is, basing on the participatory design method and procedures, exploring the feasibility of the application of participatory design in kindergarten playground planning.

Distinct operating experience of participatory design will be compared according to operating object, operation method, and operation procedure. The research approach in the bibliography will be referred. Four participating activities are applied to the planning procedure of outdoor playground of one nursery in Taiwan. The four activities are children's drawing, user demand forum, exchange meeting of design plan, and questionnaire activity. After choosing the operating object, these activities will be proceeding as planned operation method and procedure and be carried on by three different stages as well.

In the first stage, the planners make the present situation clear and draw conclusion to collect the design guidelines through field investigation of the playground. Then, using the demand forum (1st) with children's drawing, collect the usage demand. The planners should, base on their professional judgments, put forward the preliminary idea scheme. In the second stage, the planners communicate and discuss with the participants through the demand forum (2nd), and then revise the need of designing and put forward the 2nd idea scheme.
In the third stage, by using the demand forum (3rd), the type of facility, location and quantity should be especially discussed and confirmed. The part which the planners and participants reach common understanding finally is put forward to be the design plan. After that, the exchange meeting is hold in order to understand the interaction between the participants and different linking up tools, like 3D animation or model. And more participant's suggestions and demands will be collected via the questionnaire activity.

The main discovery in participating activity is as follows: (1) The participant's age and the tool of expression are both important factors that affect participant's understanding of the participatory design plan mostly. (2) Whether participants think the participation is interesting and the participating ways are quite important. (3) The participants’ comments are so diversified that they need corresponding way to express themselves.

The operation of participatory design for playground in accordance with design need, design condition, design plan, etc., the conclusion is as below:
(1) When the participatory design is applied to the planning of children's playground, the participating modes and participating ways will result in certain level of influence. (2) There’s obvious correlation between the acceptability of the participants and different communication tools. (3) There’s correlation between the wishes of the participants and the participating period, for example, the communication time can be effectively reduced if the participants’ comments are pre-collected. (4) If the participatory design is applied to the planning of children's playground, it’s well-planned so that the participants show their identification with it.

並列關鍵字

playground planning ； children's playground ； participatory design

參考文獻

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