人際互動行為中權力、情感與面子間關係之研究

A Study of Relationships among Power, Affection and Face in Interpersonal Interaction

蔡坤靜(Kun-Ching Tsai)

指導教授 ： 嚴奇峰

中原大學/商學院/企業管理學系/碩士(2007年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu200700513

摘要

「面子」是經由人際互動所產生的現象，而面子問題的產生，是因為中國人深受他人取向的影響。故本篇論文以「面子」作為描述中國人社會互動基本的概念出發，探討影響「面子」的相關因素及其影響程度。
本研究以「權力地位」、「情感關係」做為自變數，探討這二個變數及所構成的「定位差距知覺類型」（個體知覺雙方權力地位與情感關係的不同，形成「我方期望對方應當作為」與「我方知覺對方實際作為」此二者之間的差距），對個人「面子」的影響，並且更進一步分析在考慮人口及心理統計變項下，是否會干擾權力地位、情感關係及「定位差距知覺類型」對面子的影響。而本研究為一3×2的準實驗設計，即透過「權力地位」(高/同/低)、「情感關係」(親/疏)，模擬出六個情境，每個情境在預期與實際的不同下，形成六種不同的「定位差距知覺類型」，藉以分析在不同「定位差距知覺類型」下對受測者「面子」的影響。
本研究利用MANOVA分析，發現「權力地位」、「情感關係」此兩自變數其主效果皆有顯著影響，即「權力地位」、「情感關係」會影響受測者的「面子」；而在交互效果部份，此兩個變數之交互效果亦顯著，即「定位差距知覺類型」會影響「面子」。在加入人口及心理統計變項作為干擾變項後，發現「權力地位」及「情感關係」對面子之影響皆會受人口及心理統計變項干擾，但「定位差距知覺類型」對面子之影響則不受干擾。本研究之相關結論如下：
1. 權力地位會對面子（地位關係、親近關係及分配結果的滿意度）造成影響；當個體知覺到被他人尊重的權力地位越高，越會感到有面子。
2. 情感關係會對面子造成影響；當個體知覺到被他人宣稱的情感關係越親，越會感到有面子。
3. 定位差距知覺類型會面子造成影響；個體知覺到被他人尊重的權力地位越高與宣稱的情感關係越親，當超過期望越多就越會覺得有面子。
4. 權力地位對面子的影響，會受到部分人口統計變項(即年齡、婚姻狀況、教育程度、公司服務年資) 及所有心理統計變項(即對面子的意見、對權力地位的意見、對情感關係的意見)的干擾。
5. 情感關係對面子的影響，會受到部分人口統計變項(即性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、工作職稱、公司服務年資)及部分心理統計變項(即對情感關係的意見)的干擾。
本研究之貢獻在於得知面子會受權力地位、情感關係的影響，且定位差距知覺類型的不同亦會影響受測者面子的滿意度。而後續的研究方向可以將重點放在可提供一個真實的情境來操作「權力地位」、「情感關係」及「定位差距知覺類型」。另外，可將每一種模擬情境獨立設計成不同的問卷，或是將此問卷表格內之模擬情境採隨機方式排序施測，以藉此排除系統性的偏誤，使變數影響關係更加清楚與精確。

關鍵字

情感關係 ； 權力地位 ； 定位差距知覺類型 ； 面子。

並列摘要

“Face work” is a phenomenon that is formed by people’s interaction. Chinese is deeply affected by each other’s favor and then caused “face” problems. This research uses “Face” to point out Chinese social interactions’ basic concept, and discovers some important findings of “face and face work.”
This study uses “power status” and “affection relationship” as independent variables, and the type of “Perceived Positioning-Gap” determined by these two variables (which means individual perceives power status and affection relationship in a dyadic relationship and forms the gap between “one’s expectation of others proper behavior” and “one’s perception of others actual behavior”), to analyze their impacts to “face.” Some demographics and psychographics were used in further analyses as the intervening variables to discover their impacts between “Perceived Positioning-Gap” and “face.” This study established a 3x2 quasi-experimental design which form six simulated situations by “power status(high, same or low)” and “affection relationship (close or alienated).” And the impact of each situation in six different types of “Perceived Positioning-Gap” to the “face” is then measured in detail.
This study uses MANOVA to do the analyzing job. The researcher finds out that “power status” and “affection relationship” influence “face” significantly, and “Perceived Positioning-Gap” also has significant influence on “face.” This study also shows that “power status” and “affection relationship” are intervened significantly by demographics and psychographics. However, “Perceived Positioning-Gap” has not been intervened by these two kinds of variables. Summary of the conclusions of this study are as follows:
1. “Power status” and “affection relationship” have significant positive influence on “face” (measured by three types of satisfaction- power status, affection relationship, and the result of the allocation).
2. “Perceived Positioning-Gap” has significant positive influence on “face.”
3. Some demographics (such as age, marriage status, education, tenure) and all psychographics (the opinions on power, affection and face) have significant intervening effects on “power status” to “face.”
4. Some demographics (such as gender, age, marriage status, job position, tenure) and one psychographics (such as the opinions on affection) have significant intervening effects on “affection relationship” to “face.”
The contribution of this study is to reveal the causal relationships among “power status,” “affection relationship” and “face.” Further research can be focused on providing a real field to manipulate the “power status,” “affection relationship” and “face.” An improvement of research can be adopted by designing 6 independent questionnaires to represent each simulated situation, or shuffle the questionnaire items randomly when testing, as to eliminate the systemic bias in order to explore more accurate and précised relationship among these variables.

並列關鍵字

Power Status ； Face. ； Perceived Positioning-Gap ； Affection Relationship

參考文獻

彭泗清（1993）：「中國人『做人』的概念分析」。本土心理學研究，2 期，277-314。

嚴奇峰（1997a）：台灣家族企業之文化與結構關係研究－雙元系統模型。台北：行政院國家科學委員會專題研究。

文崇一（1982）：「報恩與報仇：交換行為的分析」。楊國樞、文崇一（主編）：社會及行為科學研究的中國化，台北：中央研究院民族學研究所，頁311-344。

朱瑞玲（1987）：「中國人的社會互動：試論面子的運作」。中國社會學刊，11期，頁23-52。

李亦園（1990）：「中國家庭與其儀式－若干觀念的檢討」。楊國樞（主編）：中國人的心理，頁1-24。台北：桂冠圖書。