從聚落防禦空間的發展探討場所精神的變遷：以客家六堆為例

Exploring the Changes in Genius Loci from the Development of Defensible Space of Settlement – A Case Study of Liou-Duai Hakka

何艷鳳(YANFENG HE)

指導教授 ： 陳其澎 ； 周融駿

中原大學/設計學院/設計學博士學位學程/博士(2020年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu202000777

摘要

在當今社會，雖然都市現代主義對傳統聚落空間結構體系、形態、功能等影響越來越明顯，但縱觀兩岸學界，均未系統歸納出傳統聚落空間安全的準則與評估架構，且較少從防禦性空間變化的角度探討場所精神的變遷。因此，為了彌補這樣的缺陷，本文以如何建構傳統聚落防禦性空間安全佈局評估架構的構面與準則及歸納其關係網絡圖為研究問題；六堆的五溝水與二崙為研究案例，探尋傳統聚落防禦性空間佈局變化與場所精神變遷之間的關係為研究目的；以德尔菲專家訪談法、決策實驗室法、觀察法、訪談法和問卷調查法為研究方法。因為在時代背景下形成的場所精神對時代文化的延續與地方文化的多元發展具有重要意義，因此希望本文能為傳統聚落在營造特色聚落時，突出本土化元素、落實多元發展及完善空間安全評估提供理論借鑒。預期研究結果顯示：第一，安全佈局的構面為精神、實體、行為，包含16個準則，其中8個為關鍵準則；宗教信仰準則很重要且與組織相互影響，為其他準則的源頭。第二，在聚落空間變化方面，隨著時代變遷，某些防禦性空間準則已顯出式微徵兆，相較於實體空間的變化、信任、歸屬感等準則變化相對較小；防禦性空間準確有的已經變化，有的得以保留；第三，在空間感受方面，五溝水、二崙聚落中不同年齡層的村民對防禦性文化的認知不同，55歲是其中的分水嶺，與55嵗以上（含55嵗）相比，55嵗以下呈明顯的下降趨勢，1985以後出生的村民更加明顯；第四，在聚落文化方面，雖然五溝水與二輪的農業種植結構調整基本相同，但兩村村民對防禦性文化的認知卻有較大差異，究其原因在於文史工作者在五溝水中發揮的技術指導作用要遠高於二輪；第五，在防禦性空間的場所精神方面，時空對場所的影響，主要反映出組織與空間形態等因素的特徵；透過對五溝水與二崙案例分析得出，聚落內外關係轉變影響著聚落內部空間佈局，精神防禦凝聚信任與歸屬感，實體防禦構建空間環境，行為防禦融入日常生活。總之，聚落空間安全準則從心理、空間、生活層面共同構建安全生活場所精神。

關鍵字

場所精神 ； 防禦性空間 ； 傳統聚落 ； 安全評估 ； 聚落保存

並列摘要

The influence of urban modernism on structure, form, and function of traditional settlement space is becoming more and more obvious in the current society. However the cross-strait academia has not systematically summed up the criteria and evaluation framework for space security of traditional settlements. There are only few discussions on the change of the spirit of the place from the perspective of defensive space changes. Hence, this research aims to examine how to construct the aspects and criteria of the security layout evaluation framework for the space security of traditional settlement. Then summarize the relation network diagram. The study takes two villages, Erlang and Wugoushui in Liou-Duai Hakka of Taiwan, as the research cases and explores the relationship between the change of defensive space layout of traditional settlements and the change of spirit of the place. The interviews of specialists based on Delphi, D-ANP (DEMATEL (Decision Making and Trial Evaluation Laboratory)-based ANP (Analytic Network Process), observation, interview and questionnaire survey are the research methods. The spirit of the place formed in modern development is of great significance to the continuation of the age culture and the multiple developments of local culture. This paper aims to provide theoretical references for highlighting the localization elements, implementing the multiple developments, and improving the space security assessment for the traditional settlements when creating characteristic settlements. The results show firstly, the aspects of the security layout are Psychological defense, Physical defense, and Behavioral defense, including 16 criteria, 8 of them are key criteria. The religious belief that serves as the source of other criteria is important and interacts with the organization. Secondly, on the changes of settlement space front, with the changes in times, certain criteria of the defensive space have tendency to be weakened. Compared with the changes in the physical space, the criteria of religious belief, trust, and belonging are relatively small. Some criteria of the defensive space have changed, and some have been retained. Thirdly, on the space perception front, it is different on the cognition on defensive culture to villagers of different ages, 55 is the watershed. Compared with those over 55 (including 55 years old), there is a significant downward trend for those under 55. Villagers born after 1985 make it even more visible. Fourthly, on the settlement culture front, although the structural adjustment of agricultural planning in Wugoushui is basically the same as that of Erlang, the difference in the villagers’ cognition of defensive cultures for each village is striking. The reason is that the technical guidance by cultural workers in Wugoushui is much better than that of the Erlang. Lastly, on the spirit of the place in the defensive space front, the impact of time and space on the site mainly reflects the characteristics of factors such as organization and spatial form. Through the case analysis of Wugoushui and Erlang, it is concluded that the internal and external relationship changes affect the interior layout of the settlement. The physical defense embodies trust and belonging, the physical defense builds the space environment. The behavioral defense integrates into daily life. In , the settlement space security guidelines jointly build a safe living place spirit from the psychological, spatial, and life aspects.

並列關鍵字

spirit of place ； defensive space ； traditional settlement ； safety assessment ； settlement preservation

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