聯合作戰符號使用之可用性評估

在戰情室內，觀察員必須在短時間內進行資料分析、評估及決策，透過雷達介面進行威脅通報。每個錯誤決策皆具造成人員傷亡或金錢損失之風險。因此一個對人員具有相容性的介面非常重要。因應此需要及國際趨勢，欲導入最新美國聯合作戰符號規範(MIL-STD-2525D)、評估雷達介面使用上是否符合觀察員限制與需求，以達到與美軍同步構聯、效率化工作之效過。本研究以 Unity 雷達模擬介面結合觀測室環境模擬，一人分別進行四次分別為2 分鐘之觀測作業，探討人員在三個因子: 不同燈光環境(白光、紅光)、符號種類(空心、實心符號)、有無提醒(有、無)下，對雷達威脅通報績效與生理反應影響程度。本實驗有受測者計36 位，分別為女性18 位與男性18 位。因考量符合軍方正常觀察人員之年齡，本實驗之受測者年齡均在30 歲以下；因變數為：績效表現積分、右眼瞳孔變化、膚電反應(Galvanic Skin Response)、NASA-TLX 心智負荷量表等。實驗結果顯示，有威脅提醒功能及使用空心符號能幫助通報績效的增加。不同符號種類、針對威脅較大之機種提出視覺提醒的確會影響人員對目標的搜尋績效，在績效表現數據為顯著影響（P < 0.005）。在這次雷達觀測作業中，GSR 值的變化與績效表現呈現強關聯性。

關鍵字

觀測作業；眼動軌跡(Eye tracking) ；膚電反應(GSR) ； NASA-TLX 心智負荷量表； MIL-STD-2525D

並列摘要

In the radar monitor room, decision should be made under a short period of time. Each false decision could bring the risk of casualties or great financial losses. Therefore, a compatible, human-centered, easy-used interface for personnel is a crucial point to reduce the chance of mistakes. In response to this need and the trend of international cooperation, the introduction of the latest US Joint Operational Symbol Specification (MIL-STD-2525D) is worthy considerable. Evaluation of the current radar interface also is needed. In this study, software Unity was used for developing a radar simulated interface. Personnel needed to identify threat under three different factors: lighting environments (red and white light), symbol types (filled and unfilled symbols), and with/without visual reminders around of the air threat symbols. Each participant performed observations 4 times. Each observation was two minutes per time. There were 36 participants in this experiment: 18 female students and 18 male students. Participants in this experiment all are under 30 years old, which is within the range of common personnel age. The dependent variables are search performance, size change of right pupil, galvanic skin response(GSR), and NASA-TLX, subjective mental workload questionnaire. Results show that the use of unfilled symbols, which was assumed to generate poorer performance, and visual reminders do increase in performance significantly. Types of visual symbols and visual reminders do affect the search performance of the targets and have a significant impact on performance (P < 0.005). Objective mental workload test, change of GSR value, also has indicated that the use of the unfilled symbols and visual reminders give participants higher mental workload significantly. The average changes of right pupil size also display that different symbol types will give interface users a significant difference in pupil size change. Lqbal et.al (2004) has find that the average pupil size change is related to difficulty of tasks regardless of the nature of the task. Inferred from this statement, the use of unfilled symbols is more difficult for users to identify threat and even give more mental workload.