玉山、國家公園與布農人：從獵人、揹工到巡山員

布農族為台灣原住民族中最典型的高山族群，雖然缺乏自身的文字記載，但從清朝(1865)時期西方人必麒麟拜訪玉山的文獻，已看出布農族與玉山的關係，到了日治時期的有長野義虎、史脫貝首登玉山之爭，鳥居龍藏與森丑之助的學術探險，以及鹿野忠雄為期70天的登山探險調查揭開了布農族在台灣登山史上的序幕。自日本戰敗、國民政府播遷來台以後，承接日治時期的登山活動與國立公園的環境主義思潮，布農人於這塊領域上的知識與經驗不斷地被挪用於揹工、登山嚮導服務、巡山、保育研究與救難…等，迄今為止，布農族人不斷的因著外來的「需求」去做調節與適應甚至轉化。玉山國家公園內具雙重身分的布農族傳統獵人/國家公園保育者，是否可以提供一座原住民與國家公園的橋樑？2011年玉山國家公園已實施「共管」機制，但其形式意義仍遠大於實質，不過筆者從自己的工作場域和經驗中深刻體認到，國家公園的原住民籍巡山員雖然在職位上位居權力邊緣，其對玉山的情感與知識卻遠非漢人同事所能及。如果國家公園未來要走向共管一途，他們與玉山糾結在一起的深厚生命經歷應是亟待挖掘的豐富寶藏。

關鍵字

玉山；布農；原住民知識；國家公園；巡山員

並列摘要

Bunun tribe is the most typical alpine ethnic groups in Taiwan, which is lack of written records of their own, but we can find the relationship between the Bunun tribe and Yushan through the literature about the Westerners W.A. Pickering visiting Yushan till the Ching Dynasty (AD 1865). To the Japanese colonial period, there is the first successful ascent of the Yushan mountain under dispute, Torii Ryuzo and Mori Ushinosuke’s academic adventure, and Kano Tadao’s expedition to the Taiwan's Central Mountain Range for a period of 70 days. Bunun tribe opened a prelude to the mountaineering history of Taiwan. After the defeat of the Japanese government and the R.O.C government moved to Taiwan, the thought about mountaineering activities with the National Park environmentalist under the Japanese occupation of Taiwan was undertaked by the R.O.C government. However, the indigenous knowledge and experience belong to the Bunun tribe on this field was constantly appropriated for the work of porters, mountaineering guide service, park ranger, conservation research and rescue…etc. So far, because of the other’s "needs" , the Bunun tribe continues to adjust, adapt and even transformate their indigenous knowledge. Could the Bunun tribe provide a bridge between the indigenous and national park under the dual identity—traditional hunter/national park conservationist? "Co-management of Yushan National Park " has implemented in 2011, but its significance is still far beyond the form of the substance. The author deeply realize from my own working and experience in the field that indigenous park ranger is among the grassroots staff of Yushan National Park, however, their great feelings and knowledge of the Yushan is far from Han Chinese colleagues’s. If Co-management of Yushan National Park is a necessary way to go, the Bunun tribe’ deep life experience that is embedded in the body which is the rich treasures should be urgently mined.