中國大陸城市社區治理之實踐研究——以廣東省深圳市為例

中國大陸城市社區是在經濟變革引發的社會結構發生重大變化之背景下浮現的，為因應社會轉型之現實需要，自上世紀80年代起，大陸政府持續推動社區之建設發展。本研究旨在探析巨觀社會變遷背景下，中國大陸城市社區治理之實踐策略，呈現之實踐現狀以及影響治理實踐樣貌之因素，以進一步豐富大陸社區治理之實證研究，提供實務界對此議題的掌握，促進社區治理之實務發展。為了達成研究之目的，本研究採個案研究方法，以廣東省深圳市為例，選取四個社區，以參與式觀察結合訪談方式，瞭解社區治理之各行為主體的角色功能，彼此之互動關係等內在動態情境。同時分析既有之政策文件、工作報告等二手資料以補充瞭解社區治理之外在制度結構安排。本研究發現，當前大陸社區治理實踐呈現出一種混合式的治理（hybrid community governance）。首先，這種混合表現為結構面向的混合，既包含有垂直之科層結構又具有水準之網絡結構。其次，還表現為運作程式之混合，一方面繼續沿用層級式的行政管理方式，另一方面又積極運用新公共管理工具及協商參與技術。最後則是意識形態之混合，它汲取了新自由主義之市場中心主義、社群主義之多元主義以及中國特色社會主義等不同主張，而融合運用於治理實踐。在治理之實踐策略方面，也不同與過往之上海模式、沈陽模式、江漢模式。深圳之治理實踐除了關注社區中政府與居民二元力量之外，更引入了非營利組織這一社會力量，透過權力擴張、職能分化、主動吸納而形成黨政主導、社會協同、居民參與之三元共治模式。而當前社區治理實踐樣貌則是多重制度邏輯與社區不同治理參與主體互動之結果。未來，有關社區治理之政策安排、實踐運作依然有進一步探索之空間，治理實踐與理論之連結與對話也須深入探討，是以，本研究分別從理論面、政策面、實務面，社會工作專業面以及後續研究提出了一些建議。在理論面，建議構建起社群價值引領之後設治理模式。在政策面，建議應明確政策之價值目標並推動社區治理法制化和系統化。在實踐面，一方面應授權基層黨政組織，另一方面則須充權社會力量。在專業發展部分，建議進一步強化社會工作專業教育以及實踐中更為廣泛地參與。最後，則後個案選擇、進入社區之策略及研究內容取捨三方面為後續研究提供一些參考建議。

關鍵字

治理；社區治理；多重制度邏輯；混合式社區治理；深圳

並列摘要

The communities in China emerged in the context of great changes in social structure caused by economic reform. To meet the needs of social transformation, the government has been continuously promoting the development of community since the 1980s. The purpose of this study is to explore the practical strategies of community governance in mainland China, present the current situation of practice, and the factors that affect the model of governance practice, so as to enrich the empirical research on community governance in mainland China, and promote the development of community governance. This study taked Shenzhen as an example，selected four communities to analyze the dynamic situations of the roles and functions of the various actors in community governance and their interaction with each other through participatory observation and interview. At the same time, the researcher reviewed the existing policy documents, work reports and other second-hand information to understand the institutional structure of community governance. This study found that the community governance in mainland China is the hybrid community governance. The first dimension is structure. It’s included both vertical hierarchical structure and horizontal network structure. The second dimension is processes. On the one hand, it continues to adopt the hierarchical administrative management systems; on the other hand, it actively integrated the new public management tools and the technology of deliberative democracy. The third dimension is of ideology, which draws on the different views of the market centralism of Neo liberalism，the pluralism of communitarianism and the Chinese-style socialism. In addition to paying attention to the dual actors of the government and residents in the community, the community governance of Shenzhen also incorporated non-profit organizations into the governance system. Through the expansion of power, functional differentiation and active absorption, it has formed a three-power co-governance model. This study also found the practice of community governance is the result of the interaction between multiple institutional logic and different community governance participants. In the future, we still need to explore the policy and practice of community governance, and also look forward to the dialogue between practice and academic. Therefore, this study puts some suggestions. In the theoretical aspect, it is suggested to set up a meta-governance model which led by some community value. On the policy side, it is suggested that the value of the policy should be clearly defined and the legalization and systematization of community governance should be promoted. In practice, the primary government organizations should be authorized on the one hand, and the NGOs and residents should be empowered on the other hand. For the professional of social work, it is recommended to further strengthen the education and promote the wider participation of social workers in community governance. Finally, some Suggestions are provided for the follow-up study from the following three aspects: case selection, strategy of entering the community and content selection.