兩岸政府部門任用制度比較之研究

論文摘要公務人員任用制度為人事行政的基石，也是當前各國政府行政之重要課題，在面對二十一世紀全球競爭力的挑戰之際，「人才」素質的發揮將是最重要的關鍵；而國家如何選拔任用優秀人才，更具有研究的價值與意義。有鑑於兩岸關係交流日益活絡頻繁，兩岸文官任用制度之比較研究，或可作為我國的借鏡參考。兩岸公務人員任用制度，在世界各國民主化公共行政與政府再造的浪潮中，建立一個有系統、有活力、能快速服務之新公共行政機構，以成為全球化本世紀挑戰的重要課題。以當前開放系統理論就多元脈絡之下，程序與實質並重之下的系統理論，政府再造，行政理念與價值核心之關係，對於人事行政受到全球化變遷如何因應改變系統理論的穩定性，建構人事行政變遷人員任用制度為人事行政的基石，也是政府行政之重要課題，在面對二十一世紀全球競爭力的挑戰之際，「人才」素質的發揮將是最重要的關鍵；而國家如何選拔任用優秀人才，更具有研究的價值與意義。有鑑於兩岸關係交流日益活絡頻繁，兩岸文官任用制度之比較研究，或可作為我國的借鏡參考之發展，來解決當前人事行政制度重要課題。兩岸雖然是同文同種，相隔近五十餘年來，就公務員法制有相似之處，但也有不相同之處，對於兩岸公務員任用制度研究發現之處。一是提倡改革人事制度作法：我國隨著時代潮流變易，以及民主意識的高漲，民眾對於對政府的要求也逐步升高，政府亟思將企業化經營精神及管理方式，引進政府施政，以打破舊思維，舊觀念，重塑政府的組織結構與制度，以有效提升服務品質及效率。面對國際人才無國界之流動趨勢，取得優勢的關鍵繫於「創意」和「品質」，國家考選與任用纳入多元化與國際化，冀以強化國家整體競爭優勢。大陸公務員制度是其人事制度改革的歷史性進步，摒棄了傳統幹部人事制度管用脫節、權責不清、流動不暢和選拔標準模糊的弊端，也是大陸改革開放和社會市場經濟建設的必然選擇。二是公務員的演進：我國至民國元年10月16日，實施品位分類制度（簡薦委制）。又民國58年實施職位分類制度。並在民國76年1月16日起迄今實施新人事制度。大陸人事制度之演進，從早期「幹部制度」演進為「崗位責任制」，再轉變為「公務員制度」至今。三是行政中立作法：我國公務人員行政中立法草案至今尚未能立法通過，期待政府部門早日立法通過公務人員行政中立法，以確實向行政中立的目標邁進。大陸公務員制度堅持黨的領導，堅持社會主義方向，不搞行政中立。公務員法堅持全心全意為人民服務的宗旨，公務員是人民公僕，不是特殊的利益集團。四是政務官與事務官區分：我國自行憲以來實行民主政治，將公務人員分兩大類，政務官與事務官兩類。我國政務官與事務官制度介於英國與美國之間。政務官與事務官劃分，有助於民主政治，政黨政治，議會政治的發展，以健全文官體制。大陸不採兩官分途，公務員法堅持黨政機關幹部的統一管理，強調公務員無論職務高低，其工作性質是一致的，把對黨和國家負責與對人民群眾負責統一起來，不作政務類與業務類的劃分。五是公務員法制規範：我國行政法制上，對於公務人員的定義，係採個別立法主義，採用相關行政命令輔助，行政解釋令，以補正法律不足之處。大陸公務員法制以中華人民共和國公務員法為主，並適用輔助行政命令，補正公務員法制不足之處。六、公務員保障制度作法：我國政府為健全保障法制，加強保障公務人員權益，民國91年5月總統公布修正條文一百零四條，以建構公務人員保障法特有之救濟制度，確保公務人員權益，以激勵公務人員勇於任事，並使機關之公務得以順利推行。大陸依中華人民共和國公務員法對於公務員保障制度作法，以公務員申訴與控告為大陸公務員保障制度重要事項，這兩項制度對於公務員保障制度的合法權益，保障機關依法正確行使權力、提高機關行政效能、懲治腐敗具有重大而深遠的意義。針對現行我國公務人員任用制度的缺失，提出改進具體政策建議政策建議。一、確保文官中立，維持行政的穩定性。二、重新建構政府用人體制。三、修正權理規定。四、增訂特別限制規定，落實特考特用五、縮短公務人員的試用期限。六、主動爭取人才，儲備文官菁英。七、完善人力資本管理，達道人進其才目標。八、初任主管及升任官等職務應接受訓練。九、擺脫為經濟服務的宗旨，健全人事制度。十、建立完整文官制度，有效推行保障制度。關鍵詞：任用迴避任用政務官事務官行政中立

關鍵字

任用迴避任用政務官事務官行政中立

並列摘要

Abstract Public Service appointment system for the cornerstone of personnel administration, is the current national administration an important issue, in the face of global competitiveness in the 21st century, the challenges of the "talent" quality of the play will be the most important key to the country how the selection and appointment of outstanding talent, and more on the value and significance. In view of active cross-strait relations increasingly frequent exchanges, the two sides of the civil service appointment system comparative studies, or as a reference to learn from China. Cross-strait civil servants appointment system, the democratization of public administration in the world and the wave of reinventing government, the establishment of a system, a dynamic, fast new public administration services to the challenges of globalization of this century an important issue. With the current open system theory on multiple threads, both in real terms and procedures under the system theory, reinventing government, the concept of the relationship between core and value for personnel administration by globalization changes how the system should be changed because of the theory of stability, and build staff administrative staffing changes in personnel administration system for the cornerstone of the administration is an important issue, in the face of global competitiveness in the 21st century, the challenges of the "talent" quality of the play will be the most important key to the selection and how the state Appointing outstanding talent, and more on the value and significance. In view of active cross-strait relations increasingly frequent exchanges, the two sides of the civil service appointment system comparative studies, or as a reference to learn from China's development, personnel administration system to solve the current important issue. Although the two sides is the same cultural background, separated by nearly 50 years ago, the legal system in the civil service there are similarities, but there are also no difference between the cross-strait civil service appointment system found in the study. First, to promote reform of personnel system approach: My With Shidaichao rheological easy, as well as the rise of democratic awareness among the people for the demands on the Government have gradually increased, the Government will Jisi entrepreneurial spirit and business management, the introduction of the government, breaking away from old ideas, old ideas and reshaping the organizational structure and systems in order to effectively improve service quality and efficiency. Medecins Sans Frontieres the international talent mobile trends, the key advantage of the "creative" and "quality", the State Examination and the appointment of international and diversified into a view to strengthen the country's overall competitive edge. Mainland civil service system reform of the personnel system is the historic progress, get rid of the traditional detached from the cadre and personnel system and effective accountability unclear, and the sluggish flow of the drawbacks of fuzzy selection criteria, but also mainland's reform and opening up, and the building of a social market economy inevitable choice. Second is the evolution of the civil service: In my first year to October 16, the grade classification system (SR recommended appointment system). And 58 in the job classification system. And in January 16, 76 to date implementation of the new personnel system. The Evolution of the personnel system of the mainland, from the early, "the cadre system" evolved into "positions accountability" and then into "civil service" date. The third is the neutral approach: My civil servants in the administration of the draft legislation has yet to be enacted, government departments look forward to the early adoption of the Legislative Council in the administration of public officials to do to the goal of administrative neutrality. Mainland civil service system adhere to the party's leadership, adhering to the socialist direction, not to engage in administrative neutrality. Civil Service Act uphold the purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly, civil servants are the people's servants, not special interest groups. Fourth, Administrative Officer and Officer distinction: China has implemented its own democratic constitution, the civil servants will be two categories, Administrative Officer and Officer of both. China's Administrative Officer and Officer of the system between the United Kingdom and the United States. Administrative Officer and Officer division will help democracy, political parties, parliaments political development in order to improve the civil service system. Mainland officials do not adopt the two separately, the Civil Service Law uphold party and government cadres in the unified management of the Civil Service to either his position or the nature of their work is consistent, responsible to the party and the country and for the people responsible to the masses, and not for the Chief of business class distinction. Five civil servants legal norms: the legal system in China, for the definition of the public service, mining of the individual legislation, and supported by relevant administrative orders, the interpretation of orders to rectify the inadequacies of the law. Civil legal system to the mainland People's Republic of China-based Civil Service Act and applicable supporting executive order corrections inadequacies of the civil service law. 6, the civil service protection system approach: Government to improve the protection of our legal system, strengthen the protection of rights and interests of civil servants, in May 91 presidential announcement amend the provisions of 104 to construct unique protection of the public officers of the relief system to ensure that the rights and interests of civil servants , and the courage to stimulate dormant civil servants, and the official organs can be implemented smoothly. The mainland People's Republic of China in accordance with the civil service law for the practice of the civil service protection system, the civil service appeals to the mainland and charged with a civil service protection system important issues that the two systems of the Civil Service protection of the legitimate rights and interests of the system to protect the right to exercise power according to law and improve administrative efficiency and organs, punishing Corruption is of great and far-reaching significance. China's civil servants against the present system of appointing lack specific policy recommendations to improve the policy recommendations. First, to ensure that the civil service neutrality, maintain the stability. Second, to reengineer government personnel system. Third, the amendment provides the right reasons. Fourth, the addition of special restrictions and implement special exam by five to shorten the period of civil servants. 6, the initiative for talent, bureaucratic elite reserve. 7, and improve human capital management to Road flyover into its only goal. 8, and was promoted to head coach, and other official duties should be accepted for training. Nine out of service for the purpose of the economy, improve the personnel system. 10, the establishment of a complete bureaucratic system, the effective implementation of security system. Key words: appointment disqualifying oneself to make the appointment political appointees civil servants administration neutralization