冷戰體制下中華民國對越南共和國之外交政策（1955-1975）

1954年奠邊府戰爭結束後，法人退出中南半島。自此南、北越各按意識型態建交結盟，中越關係（本文之中、越專指中華民國與越南共和國）的另一篇章亦由是展開。1960年以後，中越關係較以往更為友好，此概與越方感於共禍日蹙，亟需中方牽制中共，以及中方修正其對越身段，代之以平等互惠等兩項因素有關。儘管中越兩國互為盟邦，但雙方在合作反共之際仍要面處包括越南華僑國籍爭議以及西沙、南沙群島主權歸屬等外交難題。誠然，冷戰體系內之國際關係殆非「大國外交」一個面向而已，在晚近各國冷戰時期檔案陸續解密之下，屬於小國間的互動，同盟內的衝突，應當是吾人可予進一步研究之重點。綜觀1955-1975年中方之涉越檔案，蓋以「華僑問題」、「軍事援助」、「經濟合作」以及「西沙、南沙群島之主權歸屬」為要。筆者即以此四大外交議題作為本文論述之重心，藉以檢視中華民國對越南共和國之競爭合作模式，以及影響該競合模式之要素。為此，筆者係揀用「正當性」（Legitimacy）理論及相關外交理論來敘明是段歷史。經由各章討論可知，冷戰體系下中華民國對越南共和國之外交政策，確係本於「民族利益」與「反共邦誼」等內涵。吾人不僅得據該等內涵觀察中華民國對越南共和國或競爭或合作之交往實像，發現「民族利益」在外交決斷上具有較「反共邦誼」為高之位階，亦可藉以證成以下結論：中華民國之決策者為強化或固守其統治「正當性」（包含對內之正當性（內部正當性）與對外之正當性（外部正當性）），在擬具或施行對越政策上須與中華民國「分裂國家」之內部結構以及「冷戰體系」之外部結構持續對話。

關鍵字

中越；越戰；冷戰；中華民國外交政策；正當性

並列摘要

The Battle of Dien Bien Phu led to the French retreat from the Indochina Peninsula in 1954. A new episode of Sino-Vietnamese (Republic of China and Republic of Vietnam) relations emerged when South Vietnam and North Vietnam each decided to pursuit legitimacy by making alliances based on ideology. As a result of the common fear of the communist expansion and ROC’s revised attitude toward ROV, the Sino-Vietnamese relation had become an amiable companionship unambiguously since the early 1960s. Despite being allies against mutual communist foes, ROC and ROV still had been taking issues with each other on matters of nationalities of ethnic Chinese in Vietnam and those of the sovereignty over Paracel Islands and Spratly Islands. With the disclosure and the declassification of national archives for respective countries in recent years, it has been available for researchers to re-exam the Cold War history by having attentions to be diverted from international politics among major world powers to interactions of small states as well as conflicts inside allies. By describing the picture of competition and cooperation between ROC and ROV and the possible causes, the author is focusing on four subjects of the Sino-Vietnamese relation-the Hua Qiao issue, the military assistance, the economic cooperation and the territorial dispute. Accordingly, this dissertation will explore the four subjects in the light of concepts of Legitimacy and some diplomatic theories. The conclusions of this study are given as follows: 1. ROC’s policies toward ROV under the Cold War system were based on the function of the idea of ROC’s national interests and the idea of anticommunism. 2. The function of those ideas could define the picture of competition and cooperation between ROC and ROV. 3. In some circumstances, ROC’s decision makers would prefer the idea of its national interests rather than the idea of anticommunism. 4. In terms of strengthen or guard the ruling legitimacy, ROC’s decision makers needed to keep respond to both of the domestic oriented structure of ROC as a divided state and the foreign oriented structure for ROC—the Cold War system when dealing with ROV diplomatically.