整合重要-表現分析法與風險矩陣於營建工地風險評估之研究

根據勞動部統計2019年我國因為重大職業災害死亡人數多達316人，平均1.15天就有1位勞工因職災死亡，相較前年的285人明顯增加，其主要為營造業重大職災增加且歷年營造業的重大職業災害還是居高不下。本研究將從不安全行為與不安全狀況，來探究風險評估方法，希望藉此，達到防止職業災害發生之目的。所以，我們利用勞動部「營造業重大職災知識平台」之歷年職災統計分析資料建構風險評量方式，進而與風險矩陣評估方式進行差異性分析比較。研究發現利用勞動部之營造工程施工風險評估技術指引解說手冊進行營造工地風險評估，能有效鑑別出營建工地之79%危害類型。利用風險矩陣法進行風險評估可辨識出30項高度風險(佔全部11%)，而採用重要表現分析加上風險矩陣法則可較前者辨識高出44% (即可辨識出149項高度風險佔全部55%)。於辨識出營造工地不安全行為後採行相對安全行為與條件，應能有效抑止黑天鵝事故之發生，但雇主要付出的職業安全衛生成本也會相對的提升。雇主若能據以執行風險管控，應能大幅降低重大職業災害之發生率。

關鍵字

風險矩陣法；不安全行為與狀況；重要-表現分析法；風險評估

並列摘要

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Labor, the number of deaths due to major occupational disasters in my country in 2019 was as high as 316. On average, a worker died due to occupational accidents in 1.15 days, which was a significant increase from 285 in the previous year. It was mainly due to the increase in major occupational accidents in the construction industry and the amount of accidents remained high over the years. This research will explore risk assessment techniques bewteen unsafe behaviors and unsafe conditions, expecting to achieve the purpose of preventing occupational disasters. The data of Ministry of Labor’s statistics of occupational disasters over the years were employed to construct a risk assessment method and the results were compared with those by the risk matrix assessment method. The study found that using the guidelines of the Ministry of Labor to conduct risk assessment on construction sites can effectively identify 79% of the hazards on construction sites. Using risk matrix method to assess risk analysis yielded 30 items of high risks (accounting for 11% of the total), whereas the method combined with IPA and risk matrix led to 44% higher than those obtained the former; that is, 149 high risks, 55% of the total. After indetifying unsafe behaviors and conditions through previous achievements, safe behaviors should be able to effectively reduce the occurrence of unknown accidents or the Black Swan Events. Occupational safety and health costs to the employers will also increase accordingly. If the employers can implement risk management and control adequately, they should be able to significantly reduce the occurrence rate of major occupational disasters.