- 學位論文
智能障礙者婚姻歷程與支持需求之探討
The Supportive Needs of Persons with Learning Disabilities in Marriage
摘要
智能障礙者長期成為社會排除與歧視標的，尤其在婚姻層面，未婚比例高而結婚成家者有其支持需求。綜觀國內外公約與政策，雖含括身心障礙者及智能障礙者婚姻家庭相關的保障，但家庭大多是意指原生家庭，對於成年進入婚姻關係之內容較缺乏。 本研究旨在藉由智能障礙者婚姻歷程經驗探討，呈現從婚姻決策、婚後生活甚或是離婚種種變動過程中，智能障礙者的態度、婚姻關係互動型態，逐步描繪出其支持需求內涵與自主自決展現，藉此與現有的政策及服務體系對話，使當權者和社會大眾益加重視智能障礙者的權利。本研究採用質性研究中的深度訪談法，邀請六位參與者(包含智能障礙者本身與其重要支持者)分享其經驗看法和挑戰以回應研究目的。 研究結果分成四節，第一節呈現受訪者的簡短故事；第二節以婚姻決策與態度檢視智能障礙者進入婚姻的自主程度或家人期待，說明智能障礙者具有婚姻自主權利及行動；第三節婚姻歷程與互動，藉由婚姻關係中的蜜糖與變化和挑戰，分別從姻親、夫妻、子女及原生家庭切入，分析智能障礙者在婚姻中獲得的正向支持與遭遇的種種處境，以及他們自主和參與內涵；第四節支持系統分成正式支持與非正式支持，彙整智能障礙者現有和應有的正式福利服務，以及姻親等家人提供的支持範疇。 本研究發現智能障礙女性在婚姻決策中皆是自主選擇，而男性則是家人期待與安排；而在婚後互動的部分，智能障礙者與配偶、子女、姻親和原生家庭間有正向支持關係與自主權利，亦有矛盾、衝突與冰冷三種較負向的互動型態。此外，智能障礙者在婚姻歷程中面對離婚、分居、喪偶、罹癌、外遇、再婚與態度轉變的處境及挑戰，顯現保障其支持需求與權利的重要性。現有正式支持系統大多著重在個體補助與福利，較少針對智能障礙者婚後家庭提供適切的服務。父母、手足等非正式支持成為智能障礙者婚姻生活中不可或缺的支持來源，影響較正式支持體系來的廣且深遠。 最後，研究結論和建議針對家庭層面與實務層面提出一些意見，期許政府、學校、社福機構、社會大眾等能益加重視智能障礙者在婚姻成家的權利，藉由網絡間的互助合作，落實身心障礙者權利公約或相關法規之精神，透過實際的支持行動使智能障礙者面對婚姻家庭有更多自主與平等的機會，減少歧視與負向婚姻處境的產生。
並列摘要
Persons with learning disabilities have been discriminated against and excluded by society for a long time. Especially in marriage, unmarried rate are higher than non-disabled, and people who married have their supportive needs. Although rights of persons with disabilities to families are mentioned in policies in Taiwan as well as in several international documents, the focus is mainly on the family of origin. The marriage right of persons with disabilities is often neglected. This research aim to understand the marriage of persons with learning disabilities, and to present the decision making process, married life, marriage intentions, and interaction and so on. This study describes their supportive needs and self-determination, in order to respond to existing policies and services, to raise the attention of authorities and the public, on the rights of persons with learning disabilities. This research used in-depth interview as qualitative research method, inviting six participants (including persons with learning disabilities and his/her main supporters) to share their views and experiences. The research conclusion was divided into four sections. The first section stated the participants’ brief stories. The second section illustrated their decision-making on marriage. These include self-decision and parents’ expectation. The author emphasizes that persons with learning disabilities have rights to make their own decisions. The third section showed their happiness, challenges and supportive needs in marriage process, including relation between affinities, couple, parent-child, and original family. The fourth section was divided into formal support and informal support, to present the supportive service system and the support from family, friends and affiliate members. The research findings showed that there are some differences between male and female in marriage decision-making. All male got married because of the parents’ expectation, and female made their own decisions to get married. There were lots of types to show the relationship between affinities, couple, parent-child, and original family. The relationship can be both positive and negative. It divided into three types: ‘’Contradiction’’, ‘’Conflict’’, and ‘’Frozen’’. The change of marriage includes: divorce, separation, widowed, re-married, got affair and cancer, and the change of attitude. These showed the importance of rights and supportive needs. Existing formal supportive systems focus on subsidies and welfare, less attention was paid on the married life of persons with learning disabilities. This study found that parents and siblings play important roles in the person with learning disabilities’ married life. At the end of research, there were some suggestions for government, school family, social welfare organization, and the public. I am looking forward to everyone can pay more attention on learning disabled people’s right of marriage. By promoting network cooperation to put the core spirit into practice, and through more supportive action to increase the opportunities of autonomy and equality, it is hoped that discrimination and unhappy marriage could be eliminated.