臺灣中高齡失業勞工再就業需求與政策因應之研究

本研究目的係針對台灣自1990年代末期隨著人口高齡化與產業結構轉變等因素，而日趨嚴重的中高齡人口失業問題與政府政策因應的作法進行研究。本研究主要探討的焦點問題是中高齡失業勞工是否有再就業的需求？影響中高齡失業勞工再就業需求的因素為何？而現有政府各項協助中高齡人口的就業政策或措施，是否能合乎中高齡失業勞工的再就業需求？因此本研究採取生命歷程、人口老化及社會需求等為研究觀點，並以文獻研究法、問卷調查法，與深度訪談法等為蒐集研究資料的工具。以叢集抽樣法選取403位已領六個月失業給付的中高齡失業勞工進行問卷調查，同時深度訪談六位中高齡失業勞工及四位勞工行政人員。本研究的主要發現為： 1. 中高齡失業勞工的失業週期愈長，其再就業的需求愈下降，同時無再就業需求則增加。 2. 教育程度、居住地區、家庭經濟、失業前薪資及失業前公司規模等五項因素與中高齡失業勞工在失業時有無再就業需求有顯著相關。 3. 失業週期、年齡、教育程度、家庭結構及家庭經濟等五項因素對領取六個月失業給付後的中高齡失業勞工，與其再就業需求有顯著相關。 4. 中高齡失業勞工的再就業途徑，主要包括政府協助就業、就業型態與自行創業等三部分；在協助就業部分，中高齡失業勞工在失業後尋求職業訓練的意願不高；在就業型態方面，超過5成中高齡失業勞工願意從事全時或兼職皆可的工作；在自行創業部分，大多數中高齡失業勞工無自行創業意願。 5. 中高齡失業勞工的教育程度、居住地區、性別因素、家庭經濟狀況與失業前職業別及薪資等因素與其再就業途徑有顯著相關。本研究最後參考前述發現，提出協助中高齡失業勞工的政策原則為「多元需求」、「年齡漸進」、「年齡撤離」及「終身學習」等四項原則，同時針對政府中高齡就業政策與措施、企業進用中高齡勞工及對中高齡失業勞工分別提出建議。

關鍵字

中高齡失業問題；中高齡失業勞工；就業需求；就業途徑；就業政策

並列摘要

In response to the growing middle-to-old aged unemployed population as a result of ageing population and fast transformation of industrial structure since the late 1990s in Taiwan, this study attempts to explore the re-employment needs of the middle-to-old aged unemployed population, to discover the factors which influence the re-employment needs of the middle-to-old aged unemployed population, and to examine whether government policy and programs have been responded to meet the needs of those middle-to-old aged unemployed population. Then three research perspectives are applied in the interpretation of this study: life course perspective, disengagement theory of social gerontology, and social needs perspective. Three methods are used in the collection of research data: literature review, questionnaire survey, and depth interview. The questionnaire survey has, by using the cluster sampling method, sampled 403 middle-to-old aged unemployed population who have received unemployment insurance cash benefit more than 6 months. The depth interview method has interviewed 6 middle-to-old aged unemployed employees, and 4 labor administration officers. The main findings of this study are: 1. The longer of the unemployment length of those middle-to-old unemployed population, the less of their re-employment needs. In other words, the need for re-employment of those middle-to-old aged unemployed population will be decreasing with increasing unemployment length. 2. The following factors have had significant correlation with need for re-employment of those middle-to-old aged unemployed population at time of unemployment: level of education, residential region, family income sources, salary prior to unemployment, and company scale prior to unemployment. 3. The following factors have had significant correlation with need for re-employment of those middle-to-old aged unemployment population after receiving 6 months unemployment cash benefit: length of unemployment, age, level of education, family structure, and family income sources. 4. The re-employment approaches of those middle-to-old aged unemployed population include job assistance, type of employment, and self-employment. In job assistance, this study discovers that middle-to-old aged unemployed population have expressed their less willingness to receive vocation training. In type of employment, more than half of the middle-to-old aged unemployed population prefer to take part time or full time job. In self-employment, most of the middle-to-old aged unemployed population have less interest to establish their own business. 5. The following factors are closely related with their different types of employment: level of education, residential region, gender factor, family income sources, and job prior to unemployment, and salary prior to unemployment. On the basis of these findings, this study finally puts forth its policy proposals underpinned by the following four basic principles: diversification of needs, ageing disengagement, gradual withdrawal, and life-long learning. All proposals are respectively geared to government employment policy and programs, enterprises job recruitment of middle-to-old aged employee, and middle-to-old aged unemployed population.