漢語副詞「還」之語義、篇章、語用功能及其教學應用

A Semantic, Discourse, and Pragmatic Analysis of Mandarin Adverb Hai and its Pedagogical Application

李馥蘭

指導教授 ： 陳俊光

國立臺灣師範大學/國際與僑教學院/華語文教學研究所/碩士(2012年)

摘要

現代漢語副詞「還」功能相當豐富多樣，在實際使用上又易與其他近義詞發生誤用。因此，本文依Halliday的三大語言純理功能為主要架構，以語料庫為本分析「還」的包括核心語義及篇章、語用功能，以立體地呈現各個層面的漢語副詞「還」，為各種「還」的用法教學提供基礎。
本研究主張，漢語副詞「還」的核心語義為「持續」，因投射於不同序列而有不同的表現：在時間軸上，表示預期某情狀在參照時間時已結束，但實際上該情狀仍持續；在抽象空間中，將各成份排序後，表示原預期涵蓋範圍止於序列上的某成份，但實際上仍包含該成分後的其他成分；在程度序列上，則表示原預期所修飾的對象不在該程度的門檻內，但主觀判定仍符合該程度的標準。
在篇章功能部分，「還」為一順向銜接成分，範距可為句內或跨句。在句內時功能主要為連接新成分，範距為跨句時則經常有轉換、開啟新話題的功能。在時間軸上的「還」標示兩個命題間的不連續性，常與「就」或因果句、轉折句的前一分句搭配做為背景。在信息結構方面，「還」為一焦點敏感算子，標記某成份在與其他類似事物比較後，具有其中之一的某特性，並斷言該成分為具有該特性的集合中的一份子。當具對比性時，「還」的關聯方向可為左向或右向；不具對比性時，「還」的焦點則為句尾焦點。
至於在語用層面，為能符合「還」所處的各種序列，本文針對漢語副詞「還」的預設重新做出以下定義：一、存在某預設集合，「還」所斷言的成份與該集合具有相同屬性。二、某狀態／屬性在該序列上預期或可能的不存在。「還」的核心語用功能為表「不在預期內」，依語境可為正面或負面評價，其語用功能依搭配的語氣類型功能而不同，可表訝異、不滿、讚嘆等態度，在請求時更有表委婉的作用。
最後本文分析四套教材中關於副詞「還」的教學或使用情形，再依語料分析結果，做出副詞「還」的教學排序，並提出教學時應留意的重點，設計相關例句與練習，以期對學生習得副詞「還」的各項用法有所助益。

關鍵字

副詞「還」 ； 持續 ； 焦點敏感算子 ； 主觀性 ； 反預期

並列摘要

Hai (還) is an adverb with various usage and is frequently used by native mandarin speakers. However, non-native speakers usually master only the basic usage of it. The main aim of this study is to focus on the different aspects of hai, including its semantic, discourse, and pragmatic functions, on the basis of the framework of Halliday’s metafunctions, which are arranged by ideational, interpersonal and textual functions. The results of this analysis will be applied to pedagogical practice.
With respect to semantic meaning, Hai (還) exhibits “continuance” and can be used on different gradients. On a timeline, Hai refers to the extension of a state of affairs through to a given reference time. On a gradient organized by one’s own knowledge, it indicates that the extension of a coverage through to a given reference point. In a graded category, it postpones the threshold and thus subjectively locates an entity at the margin of the category.
From the perspective of discourse function, Hai (還) is able to exert its influence at the intra-sentence, complex-sentence or the larger level of discourse. In intra-sentence scope, Hai serves mainly to connect new components. At the complex-sentence or the larger level of discourse, hai often indicates change in topic. Hai on the timeline marks the gap between two proposition and goes with background, such as in casual or concessive sentences. It also appears often with jiu (就). As for the information structure, Hai is a focus-sensitive operator. It marks that a component possess a property of a set, which is composed by other similar entities, and asserts the component is part of the set. When refers to a comparative focus, hai can be left- or right-associated. Otherwise, hai is associated with the end-focus.
On the interpersonal level, the study defines the presumption of Hai (還) as follows: first, A set exists and Hai asserts an entity possesses the same property with the set. Second, The property is expected or is possible to cease. The pragmatic functions of Hai is “not within one’s expectation.” It gives positive or negative comments according to the context. The attitude shown by Hai differs with the mood and can be surprised, dissatisfied or amazed. Besides, hai can be euphemistic when used in a request.
Finally, after a survey of pedagogic material, this study provides recommendations based on the combined results of aforementioned analysis in order to help students fully master the usage of hai (還).

並列關鍵字

Hai ； continuance ； focus-sensitive operator ； subjectivity ； counter-expectation

參考文獻

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