臺灣宗教性非營利組織運作的社會資本考察--以慈濟功德會為例

The Investigation in Social Capital Operated by the Religious and Non-Profit Organizations in Taiwan : Buddhist Tzu-Chi Merits Society As An Example

張培新(Chang Peir-Shin)

指導教授 ： 王順民教授

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/公民教育與活動領導學系/博士(2004年)

摘要

論文摘要
宗教組織是安定社會，淨化人心的重要社會力量，其分布深廣，本身所蘊含豐富與多元的社會資源，已經嵌入台灣底層社會，在台灣「第三部門」的「社會資本」累積上，表現得最為出色。觀察台灣宗教性非營利組織的蓬勃發展，正是當代台灣公民社會民間力量發皇奮起的寫照，其對社會所發揮的正面功能與價值，不容忽視。本研究選定台灣地區最具組織規模與社會影響力的佛教慈濟功德會，作為個案考察的對象，並從「公民社會」的角度切入，扣緊「社會資本」的核心議題，將慈濟功德會的運作當成整體社會事實來加以分析。本研究以社會資本理論的觀點，來考察慈濟功德會的組織運作，主要是因為社會資本理論體系已逐漸發展起來，並提供我們在探討公民社會形成的重要理論基礎。慈濟功德會在面對多元化的社會變遷中，如何透過組織決策的運作機制來展現民主化與制度化的精神？如何投入社區或公共事務的參與，進而提升組織的「公共性」？如何建構綿密的社區互動網絡，以及良善的社會道德規範，來增強社會信任？這些都是分析社會資本形成的關鍵性議題，也是本研究探討的重點所在。是以，本研究旨在透過對慈濟功德會之社會資本的深入考察，一方面對宗教倫理與組織投入要素的發展脈絡從事義理探索，另一方面則是探討其組織決策機制、公共事務參與、社會道德規範與社區互動網絡等組織運作情形，並就組織產出的四個案例予以討論，以呈現慈濟組織目標達成之成效與意涵。本研究採「質化研究」的方法，透過文獻分析、深度訪談及參與觀察，來進行資料之蒐集與分析，研究結果聚焦於以下四個面向：（一）組織決策機制；（二）公共事務參與；（三）社會道德規範；（四）社區互動網絡；並藉著理論與實務的相互印證，來檢視個案對象所蘊含的研究意涵，俾作為公民社會中宗教性非營利組織運作與發展之借鑑。
關鍵詞：公民社會、社會資本、宗教性非營利組織、慈濟功德會

關鍵字

公民社會 ； 社會資本 ； 宗教性非營利組織 ； 慈濟功德會

並列摘要

Abstract
Religious organization is one of important social forces for stabilizing society and purifying human mind. It spread widely and deeply. Their abundant and diversified social resources have even come from and penetrated the bottom rank of society in Taiwan. It is also the most outstanding in the accumulation of “social capital” of “the third sector” in Taiwan. Observing the vigorous growth of religious non-profit organization, we may understand it is just the portrayal of emergence of civil power in civil society of Taiwan. The positive functions and values it could bring upon society cannot be neglected. The research selected Buddhist Tzu-Chi Merits Society, one of the most organized, broad in scale and most influential civic organization in Taiwan, as an object for case study and investigation. Cutting in from the angle of “civil society” and holding tightly the core subject of “social capital”, we analyzed the operation of Buddhist Tzu-Chi Merits Society as the fact of an integral society. The research investigated the operation of Buddhist Tzu-Chi Merits Society from viewpoint of theory of social capital because their system of social capital theory have been full-fledged and could provide us with an important basis for exploring the forming of civil society. Faced with changes of diversified society, how can it demonstrate the democratic and systematic spirits through operation mechanism in the process of policy-decision of organization? How can it enhance the publicness by participating in community and public affairs? How can it construct a fine and careful network of community interaction and good social norm of ethics to strengthen social confidence? All of them are key topics of the forming of social capital that we intend to analyze and the key points on which the research focuses. Therefore, through in-depth investigation of social capital of Buddhist Tzu-Chi Merits Society, the research aims to explore the argumentation of factors of development network of religious ethics and organizational inputs on one hand, and explores organizational operations including its mechanism in the process of policy-decision of organization, participation in public affairs, social norm of ethics and network of community interaction and discusses four cases of organizational outputs to show effects and meaning of achieving its aims by Tzu-Chi organizations. The research adopted method of “qualitative research” to conduct information collection and analysis through literature analysis, in-depth interviews and participating in observation. The results of research focused on four aspects: 1. mechanism in the process of policy-decision of organization; 2. participation in public affairs; 3. social norm of ethics; and 4. network of Community Interaction. The research also examined the meaning of targets of case studies in the research by means of mutual verifications of theory and practices that could be very good reference and lessons for other religious non-profit organizations in civil society on operation and development of organization.
Keywords: civil society, social capital, religious non-profit organization, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Merits Society

並列關鍵字

civil society ； social capital ； religious non-profit organization ； Buddhist Tzu-Chi Merits Society