美國委辦學校之研究

A Study of U.S. Charter Schools

陳靜嬋(Jean Chen)

指導教授 ： 楊思偉

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/教育學系/碩士(1999年)

摘要

本研究之主要目的，在於探討美國委辦學校之基本概念，並瞭解委辦學校實施的現況及其辦學績效與影響，據以提出建議，供美國與我國教育革新之參考。
為達成上述目的，本研究主要以文獻分析法為主，並輔以訪談法。文獻分析方面，主要探討委辦學校的緣起、發展歷史、核心概念與在教育改革中的定位；其次，瞭解委辦學校的創辦動機、特徵、開辦程序、教學、管理、評鑑與問題，並探究聯邦、州與學區在委辦學校運動中所扮演的角色。在訪談方面則先根據文獻資料，瞭解加利福尼亞州委辦學校實施現況，並依據美國教育部於1997及1999年所做的第一年與第三年全國性所有委辦學校調查事項，設計三所委辦學校個案的訪談題綱；同時，就文獻探討中所發現的問題，做為訪談加州委辦教育聯網公司的題綱。之後，結合文獻探討的結果與訪談的結果，兩相比較進行交互分析；最後探究委辦學校運動初步的成效與影響，並提出結論與建議。本研究訪談對象包括三所加州委辦學校的創辦者、校長和行政人員，以及加州委辦教育聯網公司的執行董事。
根據文獻分析與訪談發現，綜合歸納成以下結論：
一、大部份的委辦學校屬新創辦的小規模學校。
二、大部份委辦學校創辦的動機，在於實現教育願景或獲得辦學自主權。
三、委辦學校中，都設置某種形式的評議委員會。
四、大部分的委辦學校認為，除了學生入學政策外，具有相當的自主性。
五、大部份的委辦學校在財務、學生學業成績、出席人數和遵從州或聯邦法規上受到監督。
六、學區行政人員中，以教育局長最為支持委辦學校的設立。
七、委辦學校學生學業成績有顯著的進步。
八、有近半數的學區受到委辦學校運動強烈或適度的影響。
九、經費來源之限制是委辦學校最為普遍的問題。
十、某些委辦學校和其他機構間存在著衝突。
十一、要瞭解委辦學校的整體成效仍有困難
十二、加州公立學校改制的委辦學校，可再轉回原公立學校型態。
根據研究結論，本研究分別就美國實施委辦學校計畫與我國教育改革，提出下列建議：
一、對美國委辦學校的建議
（一）應在法規中指明委辦學校的責任，以澄清法律與財務責任議題。
（二）州政府應有適切的監督方案，而對委辦學校處分方式應配合採用較溫和的作法。
（三）當委辦契約的協定涉及相關人士的角色時，應召集會議以澄清條款。
（四）委辦學校與學區應討論有關州與學區的標準化測驗對其處境困難學生的適用性。
（五）州政府應增加學區的行政人員，學區應提供委辦學校行政支援。
（六）委辦學校每位學生所得的資源分配，應與一般公立學校學生所得相同。
（七）應准許一個以上的機關核准委辦學校。
（八）應去除設立委辦學校數量的限制。
（九）應提供委辦學校與公立學校相同的創辦基金。
（十）委辦學校應每年或每隔幾年，進行目標改進研究，並自我評鑑成效。
二、對我國教育改革的啟示
（一）在教育改革理念方面
1.學校教育改革應有績效責任的理念
2.重視家長及學生的意見
3.賦予學校自主的空間
（二）在實際措施方面
1.提供多元的學校選擇機會
2.提供學校教育革新的誘因
3.建立完善的資訊體系
（三）我國委辦學校政策方面
1.修改與建立相關法令、制度
2.推展委辦學校
3.重視學校本位管理並提供行政支援
關鍵字：
委辦學校（特許學校）、家長學校選擇權、績效責任、公辦民營、學校本位管理。

關鍵字

委辦學校 ； 特許學校 ； 公辦民營 ； 學校本位管理 ； 績效責任 ； 家長學校選擇權 ； 變通學校 ； 學校改革

並列摘要

This study attempts to expound the basic concepts of U.S. charter schools, the charter schools' development and implementation in U.S., and to explore the impact of charter schools. Based on the research findings, the recommendations are offered as the improvement for education reform in U.S and Taiwan.
To achieve the above purposes, the research adopted the methods of literature review and interview. Firstly, through literature review, charter schools' concepts, historical development, future prospects, teaching and learning, governance, accountability, problems, etc. were discussed. Secondly, interviewing three California charter schools' administrators and the executive director of California Network of Educational Charters helped to understand the actual situation of charter school movement in California. Finally, the study collected data and conducted analyses of the impact of charter schools on student achievement and on local and state public education systems.
The analysis of the data revealed the following main findings:
1. Charter schools, on average, are newly created and considerably smaller than other public schools.
2. The most common reasons for founding charter schools are to pursue an educational vision or gain autonomy.
3. Most of charter schools exist some sort of charter council or collection of committees.
4. Most of charter schools feel they have considerable autonomy, except over student admissions policy.
5. A higher percentage of charter schools are monitored in school finances, student academic achievement, student attendance and compliance with state or federal regulations.
6. The superintendent is the one most supports the establishment of charter schools in local school district.
7. Charter schools' student academic achievements are apparently improved.
8. Almost half of case-study districts experienced either strong or moderate impact from charter schools.
9. The issues of resource limitations plague most of charter schools.
10.Some of charter schools have conflicts with local and state institutions.
11.To understand the whole effect of charter school movement is still difficult.
12.California's charter schools converted from existing public schools can choose to reconvert to public schools.
According to the results, suggestions about the charter school project would be offered for reference of education reform in U.S. and Taiwan:
1.Suggestions for U.S. charter school project:
(1)The responsibility of charter schools should be specified in regulations in order to clarify the issues of laws and finance responsibilities.
(2)State should have an effective monitoring project, and should pay attention to less draconian steps by which a faltering charter school might be warned or healed.
(3)When the charter agreements involve relative persons' roles, the meeting should be held to clarify the charter agreements.
(4)Some charter schools should discuss with their districts about the suitability for using state and district's standard examinations in their many at risk students.
(5)State should increase more of district staffs, and the districts should provide charter schools administrative support.
(6)An amount for each unit of regular average daily attendance in the charter school should be the same with which in public school.
(7)Multiple chartering agencies should be allowed.
(8)The amount of charter schools should not be limited.
(9)Charter schools' start up funds should be the same with public schools.
(10)Charter schools should research the improvement of goals and evaluate school effects by themselves for every year or every other years.
2.Suggestions for Taiwan education reform:
(1)Concepts in education reform--
a. The concept of accountability needs attention in school reform .
b. Students and parents' opinions should get more concerns.
c. Schools' autonomy should be emphasized.
(2)Implementation Methods--
a. Provide multiple school choice opportunities
b. Provide schools the reform's incentive.
c. Build up full school choice information system.
(3)The policies in charter schools--
a. Revise relative regulations and build relative systems.
b. Expand charter schools by some ways.
c. Emphasize school site management and provide administrative support.

並列關鍵字

charter schools ； school choice ； accountability ； school site management ； school autonomy ； parental choice ； alternative school ； school reform

參考文獻

From paper to practice: Challenges facing a California

proposal.

ecs-18.txt (visited July 18, 1998)

26.txt (visited July18, 1998)

education sine an American dilemma. Daedalus, 124(1), pp.77-