國民小學身心障礙資源班教師專業成長之研究－以知能分析和方案規劃為例

Professional Growth of Resource Room Teacher for the Students with Disabilities in Elementary Schools

張素貞(Chang Su-Jen)

指導教授 ： 張訓誥教授 王文科教授 ； HASH(0xda42b5c)

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/特殊教育學系/博士(2003年)

摘要

國民小學身心障礙資源班教師專業成長之研究
－以知能分析和方案規劃為例
摘 要
本研究旨在探討國民小學身心障礙資源班教師專業成長，分從專業知能與方案規劃兩重點分析，瞭解國民小學身心障礙資源班教師專業知能項目之重要程度的看法以及對具備程度之評定，進而探求身心障礙資源班教師專業知能的需求；再者探討資源班教師專業成長方案規劃之意見，分從：目標、需求、內涵、方式、型態、課程、時間、經費、資源、講座、行政支持、成效評估等要素系統分析，以作為規劃國民小學身心障礙資源班教師專業成長方案之參考。
本研究首先以文獻探討特殊教師的專業知能、表現標準、專業成長的基本概念、分析身心障礙資源班教師的角色任務與專業知能以及專業成長方案實例與相關研究等，作為本研究之理論基礎的依據。再綜合相關文獻以二十位德懷小組專家三回合問卷往返，建構國民小學身心障礙資源班教師的重要專業知能，包括十個向度，76個項目。以此為架構，編製「國民小學身心障礙資源班教師專業知能問卷」，研究對象為全國國民小學之204位身心障礙資源班教師和102位學校行政人員，資料分析以算數平均數及t考驗處理。對於所探求的專業成長需求內涵如何實施之意見，再編製「國民小學身心障礙資源班教師專業成長規劃問卷」進行調查，研究對象同前，資料分析以百分比次數、t考驗、百分比同質性卡方( )檢定、肯德爾等級相關(Kendall’s tau-b)、肯德爾和諧係數(Kendall’W)進行。最後以三場次的焦點團體訪談深入探討專業成長方案規劃之意見，使方案內容更趨於周延和完善。
根據以上研究分析，獲致的結果如下：
一、國民小學身心障礙資源班教師應具備之專業知能，專家提出十個向度、76個項目。對於專業知能「重要程度」全體參與者評定屬於「重要等級」以上之程度，身心障礙資源班教師對於「具備程度」評定屬於「大部份具備」之等級，研究顯示身心障礙資源班教師對專業知能具備程度的評定低於所認定的重要程度，表示專業成長的空間與知能的需求性，其中以E向度「與普通班教師、專業團隊人員合作並擔任支援服務之知能」重要程度與具備程度的差距最大。
二、身心障礙資源班教師對於專業知能重要程度之評定，並未因背景與合格因素而有顯著差異。但專業知能具備程度之評定與背景因素、合格因素於部份向度之間具有關聯性。具關聯性者於規劃成長需求內涵應有所不同。
三、國民小學身心障礙資源班教師專業成長現況成效「尚可」，影響因素主要歸因於進修內涵不切合需求、教學負荷過重、制度不周延致使。
四、國民小學之學校行政人員與身心障礙資源班教師對專業成長規劃內涵整體意見分籌備、設計、執行與評鑑四階段提出，針對意見重要性排序不同的方案規劃項目，宜從了解對象之背景、服務年資以及所處之不同學校規模，而有不同的作法。
(一)籌備階段：教師專業成長應設定目標並與需求相結合。本研究所發展之國民小學身心障礙資源班教師專業知能項目，可提供檢核需求使用。
(二)設計階段：針對個人和同僚的學習方式、講座聘請、長短期進修類型方式、對實際教學有助益的進修活動、適切的進修時間以及期望獲得中央、縣市及學校行政的協助提出具體建議。分別為學校的：「設計符合需求的進修活動」、「提供進修資訊」和「專業成長知能需求調查」；縣市政府之「編列專業成長經費」、「進修的資訊上網」、「制定完善的專業成長辦法」；以及中央層級的「編列專業成長經費」。
(三)執行階段：執行時宜明定教師進修學年度最低研習時數，並以獎勵和制度並行鼓勵教師持續進修。針對不同專業知能需求與程度的進修活動，應以「障礙學生類別」、「學生問題需求評估」以及「特殊教師專業知能需求評估」作為規劃的依據。對於十向度專業知能最適切的學習方式，整體評估以個案討論、實作工作坊、教學經驗交流、專題講座、閱讀資訊與專書等五種學習方式為適切。
(四)評鑑階段：以「從學生學習進展與問題解決了解」、「從實際教學改進得知」和「列入年度學校特殊教育評鑑」三項為資源班教師專業成長成效評估適切的方式。
根據本研究結果，提出身心障礙資源班教師專業成長方案規劃以及對於進一步研究之建議。

關鍵字

身心障礙資源班 ； 專業知能 ； 專業成長 ； 方案規劃

並列摘要

Professional Growth of Resource Room Teacher for the Students with Disabilities in Elementary Schools
---Model of Expertise Analysis and Program Planning
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research was to explore the professional growth of resource room teachers for the students with disabilities in elementary schools. The importance of professional expertise and its readiness were explored and evaluated by resource room teachers. Resource room teachers’ opinions on professional growth program planning was further investigated in terms of its purpose, needs, contents, types, curriculum, time, funding, resources, seminars and administrative.
The research first investigated special educators’ basic concepts of expertise, standard of performance, and professional growth; Then analyzed the role and expertise of resource room teachers, professional growth case studies and related researches. Based on literature review and questionnaire survey with 20 experts in Delphi technique Group, the important expertise elements for the resource room teachers were summarized to construct the “Questionnaire of the Expertise of Resource Room Teachers for Students with Disabilities in Elementary Schools”, which include 10 dimensions and 76 items. Further, the “Questionnaire of Professional Growth Planning for the Resource Room Teachers for Students with Disabilities in Elementary Schools” was constructed to investigate the opinions of how to implement the contents of professional growth needs. Both questionnaires were administered to 204 resource room teachers and 102 school staffs in elementary schools. Statistics used to analyze the obtained data included mean score, percentage, t-test, x2, Kendall’s tau-b, and Kendall’W. In addition, three focused group interviews were conducted to make the program contents more attentive and thorough.
The major findings of this study were as the following:
I. There were 10 dimensions and 76 items as required expertise for resource room teachers for students with disabilities in elementary schools according to experts’ opinions. As for the level of importance, the resource room teachers regarded “level of acquisition” the most; data showed that the resource room teachers had lower expertise level of acquisition than expected. This indicated that there is a great need of professional growth and expertise for the resource room teachers. In which, the E dimension “Coordinating with regular class teachers, profession team members and holding expertise of supporting service” was the grteatest.
II. The evaluation of level of importance within expertise for resource room teachers has no significant differences because of factors of backgrounds and qualifications. However, the evaluation of level of acquisition for expertise and factors of backgrounds and qualifications did have connections among partial dimensions.
III. The present effectiveness of resource room teachers was “fair”, mainly due to the contents of in-service did not meet the needs, over loading in teaching, and system shortages.
IV. Complete opinions toward contents of professional growth for school staffs and resource room teachers were submitted through four stages, preparation, designing, executing, and evaluating. It is better to understand the subjects’ backgrounds, years of service, and scales of different schools with different methods to regulate the importance of opinions with different program planning items.
(1) Preparation Stage: Teachers’ professional growth should be set up goals and unite with the needs. The development of expertise items for resource room teachers in this study could be used to offer the need of inspection.
(2) Designing Stage: In terms of learning methods for individuals and colleagues, methods and types included: inviting seminars, long-term and/or short-term workshops, and in-service activities toward practical teaching. Appropriateness of in-service time and expectation should include the assistance from schools, counties and cities and government. In school level, the assistance included “Designing in service activities which meet the needs”, “Offering in service information”, and “Investigating of professional growth expertise needs”; in counties and cities level the assistance included “Scheduling funding for professional growth”, “In service information on net”, “ Establishing complete regulations of professional growth”; and in government: “Scheduling funding for professional growth”.
(3) Executing Stage: It is better to clearly specify the school year minimal hours for teachers’ workshops, and encourage teachers’ continuous service with rewarding systems. Various in-service programs for expertise needs should be planned based on the “categories of disabilities students”, “evaluations of students’ problem needs”, and “ evaluations of special teachers’ expertise needs”. For the learning types within 10 dimensions, complete evaluations should include case studies, hands-on workshops, sharing of teaching experiences, seminars, reading information and specific books.
(4) Evaluating Stage: By means of “understanding students’ learning progress and problems solving”, “acquisition from real teaching improvement”, and “ scheduling into yearly school special education evaluation”, to evaluate the appropriateness of methods for resource room teachers’ expertise effectiveness.
Based on the research findings, suggestions regarding professional growth program planning for resource room teachers for students with disabilities and further studies were made.

並列關鍵字

disabilities resource room ； professional expertise ； professional growth ； program planning

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