牟宗三與康德對於「道德情感」之理解

“Moral feeling” in the Philosophical Systems of Mou Tsung-san and Immanuel Kant

李彥儀(Yen-yi Lee)

指導教授 ： 歐陽教 ； 林安梧

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/教育學系/碩士(2003年)

摘要

本研究旨在比較牟宗三與康德對於「道德情感」之理解。首先討論康德道德哲學中「道德情感」之萌發、轉變與確立的過程，並釐清康德哲學中道德律、敬畏，以及「道德情感」之間的關係。深入分析在康德「道德情感」的演變過程中，康德「道德情感」及其相關概念的可能思想來源，包括：虔誠教派信仰、萊布尼茲－伍爾夫哲學體系、赫其森的道德感學說、克魯修斯的「約束性」概念，以及盧梭的人權思想。進而探討牟宗三對比著康德論述而開展的儒學心性論之「道德情感」，在牟宗三的哲學裡，「道德情感」乃是一種「本體論的覺情」。復次，本研究更進一步辨析牟宗三與康德哲學的根本差異，即─是否肯定人有「智的直覺」，並指出造成其根本差異之可能的深層原因。本研究以為，若將兩者思想的差異性置放在「存有的連續觀」以及「存有的斷裂觀」兩種東、西方文化類型的宏觀對比之中，則是可以理解的，而兩人思想中的諸多問題也應能一一得到安立。終而，本研究的最後一章更將以前述所有的討論為基礎，就「道德」與「倫理」在東、西方文化傳統中的差異，略論華人傳統道德思考進一步轉化發展的可能性，並嘗試掘發出牟宗三與康德的道德哲學中的道德教育意涵。

關鍵字

牟宗三 ； 康德 ； 道德情感 ； 智的直覺 ； 道德哲學

並列摘要

The main purpose of this study is to compare the concept of “moral feeling” in the philosophical systems of Mou Tsung-san and Immanuel Kant. Firstly, we try to probe into the development of “moral feeling” in Kant’s moral philosophy, and analyze the probable origins of it and its relevant concepts, including Pietism, Leibniz-Wolffian philosophy, “Moral Sense Theory” of F. Hutcheson, C. A. Crusius’ concept of “obligation”, and J. J. Rousseau’s thought of human right. Secondly, we discuss Mou’s understanding of “moral feeling”. In Mou’s point, “moral feeling” is a kind of “Ontological feeling”. Thirdly, the fundamental difference, i.e., whether the capability of “intellectual intuition” of human being is recognized or not, between Mou and Kant is investigated. In addition, it is pointed out that their difference could be due to two cultural types, namely Continuity of being and Dis-continuity of being. Finally, based on all our discussion, we discern the meaning of “moral” and “ethic” in the Chinese and Western traditional culture, and think about the possible development of Chinese moral philosophy. The implication of moral philosophy of Mou and Kant for moral education is also expounded.

並列關鍵字

Mou Tsung-san ； Kant ； moral feeling ； intellectual intuition ； Moral Philosophy