漢語動物分類詞教學探究：以形象義素為本之語用依據與教學建議

此研究從形象義素探討漢語動物分類詞教學設計，以應對現有教材在動物分類詞教學上之收錄有限、釋義不清、教學排序不一的問題。此研究收錄了全數動物分類詞：隻、條、頭、尾、峰、口與匹，並對其釋義模式、基於形象義素的語用依據及教學設計提出建議。研究發現，漢語動物分類詞各有不同的形象色彩與文化背景，可從文化、形態、形狀或分類角度，與不同動物發展出不同的稱量關係，從而彰顯動物的相關特徵，達到稱量以外的語義修飾作用。此研究之相關貢獻有三：首先，研究以義素分析法從古今詞典及母語者語料庫資料，梳理構成七個動物分類詞之語義的形象義素，並以義素結構模式清晰揭示各量、名詞搭配的語用依據，以此取代一般詞典對分類詞的釋義模式。其次，研究針對各分類詞形象義素之形象修飾作用，將其分類為分類特徵、形態特徵、形狀特徵及文化特徵共四大語義特徵，另結合語料庫為本分析法劃定各個動物分類詞的名詞範疇及其語用特徵：專職特徵與通用特徵，最後據此設計出以認知為基礎的教材：除了對各分類詞的名詞選擇範疇進行合格性等級劃分，更透過意象圖式結構展現動物量、名詞產生稱量關係的隱喻與轉喻映射過程。最後，研究指出現有對外漢語教材在動物分類詞教學上的有待改進之處，從而提出有關教學建議，並編寫以動物分類詞的形象色彩與文化背景為主題的短篇課文，作為對外漢語教學上實用而有趣的補充教材。

關鍵字

動物分類詞；分類詞教學；義素分析法；文化教材；原型理論

並列摘要

This study explores the teaching design of animal quantifiers in Chinese from the perspective of figurative meanings, in order to cope with the problems of limited collection, unclear definition and different teaching order in existing textbooks. This study includes all animal quantifiers, and puts forward some suggestions on their interpretive models, pragmatic basis based on image sememe and teaching design. Chinese animal quantifiers can develop different relationships with different animals from the perspective of culture, form, shape or classification, so as to highlight the relevant characteristics of animals and achieve semantic modification. There are three relevant contributions to this research: Firstly, this paper analyzes the semantic image sememe of seven animal quantifiers from ancient and modern dictionaries and native speakers' corpus by sememe analysis method, and reveals the pragmatic basis of each quantity and noun collocation clearly by using the sememe structure pattern, so as to replace the definition pattern of quantifiers in general dictionaries. Secondly, the paper classifies animal quantifiers into four semantic features: classification feature, morphological feature, shape feature and cultural feature. Teaching materials based on the cognitive category prototype theory are designed, including the qualification classification of each animal quantifier's noun selection category, and the metaphorical and metonymy mapping process of animal quantifier and noun collocation through image schema structure. Finally, the study points out the shortcomings of the existing teaching materials in teaching quantifiers for animals as a foreign language, and puts forward relevant teaching suggestions, and compels short text on the image features and cultural background of quantifiers as supplementary materials in teaching Chinese as a foreign language.