- 學位論文
汽車竊盜犯罪人犯罪決意及生活型態之研究
The Decision Making and Life Style of Automobile Thieves
摘要
以往對汽車竊盜犯罪人的研究多半探討犯罪生涯的形成、實施手法以及銷贓管道等，較少從日常活動的角度探討犯罪決意與其生活型態的關係。本研究對5名不同年齡、自陳有豐富竊車經驗且曾因偷竊汽車罪名而判決確定的犯罪人進行深度訪談，其中四名仍在監執行徒刑，目的在瞭解：竊車犯罪人如何進入、持續與終止竊車生涯？外在社會經濟、汽車市場環境以及刑事司法立法措施對其犯罪決意與手法有何影響？ 將深度訪談所得資料與官方統計、偵防措施加以對照印證後，有以下發現： 首先，受訪的汽車竊盜犯對家庭的描述印證了社會控制中對家庭依附低不但影響早發犯亦影響晚發犯。汽車竊盜犯有明顯的低自我控制特質，表現在青少年偷竊、吸毒、追求享樂與性滿足、追求物質滿足、以及玩物喪志的不良嗜好等。受訪的汽車竊盜犯大部分並無專業性，其初次犯罪多半並非汽車竊盜，而是先有其他犯罪類型，如一般竊盜和毒品，再進入到汽車竊盜。竊車的技巧習自所謂的犯罪導師，多半是向朋友或是獄中「同學」學習，也有糾眾犯罪與分工的傾向。汽車竊盜可滿足這些人投入低成本而得到高酬償的需求，且因犯罪過程快速、風險低，故傾向重複而持續地作案，而將竊車看成一份「工作」。從竊車模式的演變可看出竊車犯為提高犯罪所得會利用贓車轉而進行擄車勒贖與住宅竊盜，目的在極大化犯罪所得以及滿足個人需求。竊車犯主要的目的在獲利以及從短期投入獲得極高利潤的快感，其也在意社會的規範並會勉力遵從之，如：盡孝道或言出必行。 汽車竊盜市場在1990年經濟狂飆期為黃金年代，由於當時防盜措施差而贓物市場行情佳，竊車容易、成本低而獲利高。但隨著汽車防盜設備的改良，尤其是晶片鎖的出現，加上車價便宜化，而汽車竊盜的刑責並未減輕，導致竊車銷贓的困難提升而獲利減少。在2000年左右，由於竊車的利潤減少，再加上都市停車不易，有一些車主會在臨時停車時將行動電話號碼留下等停車習慣，以及違規停車拖吊作業的不健全，讓真假擄車勒贖因應而生，方興未艾。 汽車竊盜犯自陳其生活型態以家庭和竊盜（被視為工作）為主，較專業的竊盜犯會特意挑選居住地區以逃避警方注意，如：有保全的大廈。為躲避追緝，其代步和作案的交通工具非贓車。非專業型的汽車竊盜犯不會特意注意車子的價格或蒐集汽車資訊，其將竊車當成一種賺錢方法而非志業。竊車犯會注意警方偵查方式而找尋漏洞，例如：報案至建檔間的時間落差、攔劫警用無線通話。自陳並不瞭解擄車勒贖觸犯恐嚇取財、檢肅流氓（已廢止）和組織犯罪。但認為較重的刑罰以及一罪一罰會有嚇阻效用。認為車輛防竊措施佳會導致非職業竊車犯放棄某些車型或改為偷竊部分裝置。就以上發現：本研究建議警察機關應整合各部門資訊系統、減少資訊落差、善用民間力量，以及運用情境犯罪預防技巧降低竊車的報酬與增加風險。
並列摘要
Previous research on automobile thieves has focused on their early criminal experience, auto theft techniques, and resale of stolen vehicles. Few studies have ever explored the relationship between auto thieves’ decision making and life style. The current study interviewed five experienced car thieves who have been convicted and sentenced to jail for automobile theft. Four of them are still serving sentences during the interviews. It aims to understand: firstly, how the auto thieves begin, continue and stop their theft career. Secondly, do the social economy, car market and criminal code changes have any impact on their decisions and adaptations to commit car theft? After comparing the data from in-depth interviews and crime prevention/investigation measures, some conclusions are drawn. First of all, the weak bonding with families has influenced their early deviance to both early starters and late starters. All of the five interviewees have some characteristics of low self control, such as juvenile theft, drug use, pleasure seeking, strong sexual and material desire, and pastime obsession. They initially committed trivial crimes, namely larceny and drug use, before becoming car thieves. They learned the techniques from deviant friends or‘mentors’in jail. Some of them state committing car theft in groups. Their criminal activity allows them to gain relatively high rewards with low cost and low risk. The nature of car theft will reinforce and lead them to a repeating criminal ‘career’. They view their criminal activities as an ‘occupation’. In order to maximize criminal gains and satisfy their personal desires, they will also commit burglary and car abduction. In spite of their chronic criminal involvement, they still concern about certain social normality such as their dutiful as children and friends. In Taiwan, the stolen car market had its golden years in the 1990s when the stolen car market guarantees a large profit given the poor car security and huge demands of stolen cars. However, the profits for car thieves are decreasing due to the price drop, better locks, and stiffer legislations. All of above, in addition to the car parking behavior in urban areas, leads to a transfer from car theft to combine with car abduction beginning at early 2000. The center of these interviewees’ life is family and theft. Some car thieves will choose more private residency, such as mansions with security, in order to avoid police attention. They seldom use stolen cars for commutation. Non-professional thieves who view their criminal activities as labor, not career, will not pay special attention to car market and price. They tend to be familiar with the crime investigation strength and weakness in order to avoid being caught. They only show late regret when they finally realize that car abduction constitute more serious offence than car theft and their serving sentences will be longer than expected. In their opinion, tougher sentences will deter criminals. They also agree that better design and security will result to a transfer to stealing car partials and other makes. According to the research findings, I suggest that the police department should integrate public sector intelligence system to speed the recording and data sharing process. Situational crime prevention techniques, when appropriately applied, will also reduce the rewards and increase the risk.