- 學位論文
侵害智慧財產權案件犯罪之研究—以盜版電視遊樂器（TV GAME）遊戲光碟實體通路業者為例
The Research on Infringing Intellectual Property Rights－A case of TV game disk
摘要
本研究之目的，在於探討侵害「智慧財產權」犯罪中，違反「著作權法」販售盜版電視遊樂器遊戲光碟店家業者之犯罪歷程。彼等係如何、為何成為該類型犯罪者？對於智慧財產權及著作權法的認知為何？與消費者之互動關係為何？對於行為違反法律規範之合理化技巧及過程？又其等對於犯罪風險的考量及持續經營該行業之驅力為何？有無退場機制？…等等，期與犯罪學相關理論對話，進而建構本研究之理論及提供降低該類型犯罪之建議。 本研究定位為質性、實證研究，研究設計則以深度訪談方式為蒐集資料之主要手段，有關研究客體的抽樣，採立意取樣方式選擇樣本。為更全面瞭解業界生態並提高研究信度，另訪談店家業者之上手盤商、具查緝該類型犯罪多年經驗之執法機關、權利人團體人員，與店家業者訪談資料比對、檢定，至資料整理及研究分析則透過WinMAX程式，依照「紮根理論研究方法」進行。 研究發現，一個人之所以會成為店家，除主觀意願外，尚需結合客觀條件以跨越進入該行業之門檻。此外，店家業者採取固定地點方式經營，理論上具有極高之風險，令其等仍決意為持續經營之考量，則歸因於店家業者33個體認與考量因子，該等因子群聚為對於「外在環境現實的體認」及個人「內在權衡促成因素」兩大核心類別，其範圍擴及對於經營環境的體認、對於犯罪風險認知及規避、對於經濟利益考量及衍生之合理化觀點等，涉及領域則包含「經濟利益」、「道德認知」及「犯罪控制」三個面向，這些體認與考量因子最終決定了店家業者選擇轉業或持續經營。另，店家業者進入該行業及後續於既定的風險下仍決意持續經營的過程，符合了犯罪學中有關「理性選擇理論」之論述，犯罪學中「亂迷理論」、「抑制理論」、「中立化技術理論」、「差別接觸理論」、「差別接觸增強理論」、「規範失調理論」及「犯罪被害相關理論」亦在各個階段中解釋了店家業者犯罪、持續犯罪成因。 本研究依研究過程凝聚之影響店家業者為持續經營或轉業之各項體認、考量因子性質，將之歸類為鼓動、促進、容許、轉向及禁止等五類導因，並參酌Cartwright等氏之多因理論模式概念，建立本研究「店家業者持續經營多因理論模型」。 最後，本研究認為由於智慧財產權於我國存在法律規範與社會實踐之巨大落差，呈現道德規範落後及亂迷現象，致侵權者得以於道德上輕易的合理化所為。本研究雖係以犯罪學「一致觀」的觀點為研究基調，然豈可無視於環境現況，故基於現實及務實面，考量比例原則及司法資源分配，爰於教育、執法、經濟三個面向提適當建議。
並列摘要
The purpose of this research is to study the criminal course of sellers of piracy TV games who breach the Copyright Act and infringe the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). Why do these sellers become such type of criminals? What's their recognition of the IPR and Copyright Act? What's their interaction with buyers? What are their rationalization techniques and process against the norm by law? What is their assessment of criminal risks and what is the driving force to continue the act? Is there any mechanism to get out of the trade? All these questions are explored in order to establish dialogs of relevant theories of criminology and build up the theoretical backbone of this research, also to propose suggestions for reducing these crimes This study applied empirical research methods. The research employed the in-depth interviews for collecting data. The sampling of research objects adopted determined sampling method to choose samples. In order to further understood the overall business structure and enhanced credibility of the research, The study also interviewed the upper suppliers of the sellers, law enforcement authorities who have years of experience in this, and group personnel of the obligees. The data were compared and certified with the interviewed data from the sellers. The data sorting, study and analysis were done with Winamac program, according to “Grounded Theory Method”. The study discovered that the reason for becoming a dealer lies not only on the personal desire, but also on combined objective conditions, such that they drove the person into this trade. Furthermore, there is a great theoretical risk for the dealers to select fixed locations for business. The research attributes 33 factors of recognition and consideration for them to determine to carry on the business. This factor cluster can be divided into two key categories: “Physical recognition of ambient conditions”, and “Personal inner weighing incentives”. The scope covers viewpoints of recognition of the business environment, realization of the incrimination risk and avoidance, incentives of economic benefits, and derived rationalization. Three facets of the involvement include “economic benefits”, “moral acknowledgement”, and “criminal containment”. These factors determine the eventual decision for the dealers to stop or continue the business. Furthermore, the dealers’ decision to enter and continue the business with the realization of the risks matches the Rational Choice Theory proposed in the criminology. Other criminological theories, including The Anomie Theory, The Containment theory, The Techniques of Neutralization Theory, The Differential Association Theory, The Differential Association- Reinforcement Theory, Theory of Normative Maladjustment, and The Victim-Offender Interaction Theory, can also be applied in various stages of the offending acts by the dealers. This research analyzed various factors of realization and consideration affecting the decision of the dealers to continue or stop the business. according to data, the study classified violators into five incentives: instigation, promotion, tolerance, diversion, and prohibition. The notion of multi-factor theory model proposed by Cartwright and others is applied to establish our model of “Multi-factory Theory Model of Continuing Business by Dealers”. Finally, the study found that the great difference between the existing legal norm and social practice of IPR protection results in the phenomenon of moral normative lag and anomie, which enables the offenders to rationalize their act easily. Although this research is based on the “Consensus View of Crime” in the criminology, the current condition of the society is too critical to ignore. We therefore consider the reality and practicality of percentage principle and judicial resource allocation to propose measures in three facets of education, law enforcement, and economy.