基於欺罔、錯誤的被害人承諾──以日本的議論為中心

本文主要是在探討被害人承諾在基於受到他人欺罔，或是非基於他人欺罔的單純是自己發生錯誤（誤解、或表示錯誤等）時，此種瑕疵的承諾在刑法上是否為有效，也就是該如何判斷其有效性的問題。對此，學說上可分為主觀標準說、客觀標準說兩大類。向來實務的看法，多半是僅以「被害人若沒受到欺罔，即不會作出如此的決定」的條件關係式的想法，來作為認定瑕疵承諾有效性的標準。這是主觀標準說中最具代表性的一個。相對於此，採客觀標準說的學者主要則認為，必須要實質地區分錯誤或是欺罔的內容，依客觀事實作具體的判斷，始能認定瑕疵承諾的有效性。多數學者皆傾向於此。結論上，筆者以為，應以客觀標準說中的法益關係錯誤說為可採。雖然法益關係錯誤說較為可採，但其仍有不明確及不完足之處。是故，筆者將對作更深一層的論述，充實它的內涵，進一步發展為筆者所肯認、適切、較具實用性的說法。同時，也會將筆者的看法直接適用到各個犯罪的判斷，以具體案例做一定的操演與相應的調整修正，並對相關問題及批判做出回應。特別要說明的是，作為一般性原則探討的本文，在實際適用到刑法分則各罪的說明部分，必然會出現不精細或無法詳盡之處，惟筆者以為，這應該留待以分則各該罪本身為討論主題時，再一併納入，方為完整。此為筆者力所不及之處，盼他日能有更多願意花心思的研究者投入這項工作，整個基於欺罔、錯誤的被害人承諾的問題，才能獲得全面性的解決。

關鍵字

被害人；承諾；同意；欺罔；詐欺；錯誤；瑕疵承諾；法益關係

並列摘要

This paper contains a discussion about someone’s consent of harm or damage to himself because of frauds or mistakes. The question now lies within how we are going to make the decision on this type of issue. Is it possible to use this kind of loophole to circumvent the law and let the defendant still legal? It depends on how we identify the validity of the plaintiff’s consent. Theoretically, we can view this issue in two ways. In the subjective point of view, people would judge it all by the plaintiff’s thought. For instance, will the plaintiff still consent without being deceived by the defendant? In the objective point of view, people will consider the content of the consent based on the fact to determine if it is valid. In my opinion, people should judge the situation by the legal interest, which is a kind of objective route. Though legal interest is more convinced, it is still with some incomplete and unclear problems. For this reason, I decided to talk it deeper in this article to make it more complete. At the same time, I will apply my point of view to some crimes in the criminal law, use real cases as examples to demonstrate and adjust it. I will also respond to the criticisms and the questions. However, the article is for the general situation. Thus, there must not be sufficient for every crime in the criminal law. Therefore, I think we should talk about it in detail when we talk about the topic of each crime in the criminal law. However, that is out of my current ability. I hope, in the future time, someone could devote to this area, and then the entire problems for victims’ consents because of frauds or mistakes could be well addressed and discussed.