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  • 學位論文

擔保國家概念下的電信普及服務

On the Universal Service of Telecommunications in the Guarantee State

指導教授 : 莊世同
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摘要


本論文之問題意識為:電信項目已經結束公營獨占並改採市場競爭機制來提供服務,倘若市場競爭機制在特殊情況下沒有辦法提供我們基本的電信需求時,要如何解決此等問題?應該放任由市場機制終會回應此一問題,抑或是原始的電信提供者-國家-有責任以公權力加以回應與解決?基於電信事業的經濟特性,有部分地區的電信服務成本過高,無法從市場回收虧損,造成沒有業者有積極的意願願意提供服務。我看可看到許多國家的電信法制以「電信普及服務」作為因應,在市場競爭原則下設置一種讓各業者平均分擔上述虧損之機制。 這種制度設計緣由,必須從國家角色的變遷開始談起。因為,以往電信事業這類的基礎建設,被認為是行政主體應主動提供服務的領域,在保障所有國民均能享受到這些服務之前提下,公部門以獨占方式供給服務,被認為是正當的。然而,隨著時代與眾多因素的變遷,公營獨占思維已經受到嚴重挑戰,逐漸開放電信自由化,以市場競爭為前提作為電信服務的供需原則。但國家仍然必須注意,基於公益考量下對於電信服務的供給,不過其已經不再是被當作服務的提供者,而是轉變為相關市場的管制者或監督者,在這種情況下,國家就必須從社會國家邁入到「擔保國家」(Gewahrleistungsstaat)的角色定位。 國家不再作為公共任務的執行者,而是作為管制者與規劃者,對市場進行維護與基於公益要求下,設置特殊的制度來加以擔保市場運作能夠讓公益結果獲得實現。因此,擔保國家並非放棄掉所有的公益責任,而是撤回獨自履行之責任,使行政能夠更具彈性與多樣化,讓社會自主運行為優先原則,不僅私部門能夠獲得利益,同時也使公共任務的實現能夠更具效率。 從社會國原則可推導出國家應確保所有國民均能以可輕易負擔的價格,享受到一定品質的電信服務。不過,純粹市場營運可能造成部分國民在地理條件下無法獲得上述的目標,因此,有必要設計一套可對不經濟地區提供電信服務所產生的不合理成本提供補償的機制。事實上,電信普及服務即為擔保國家的具體化,普及服務不僅僅是種擔保公益的制度設計,同時將國家視為管制者,透過主管機關的經手,使得私部門在經過協調與磋商下,願意實施普及服務,這些都符合擔保國家將公私部門合作視為重點,各司其職,以最有效率的方式達成公益結果。 本文並以德國電信普及服務作為比較對象,觀察德國在擔保國家概念下,如何架構電信普及服務制度。德國普及服務的建構足以輔助我國思考將來電信普及服務的調整方向與應調整事項,俾使我國電信法也能輔助或配合擔保國家的規劃與模式。

並列摘要


The question of this article arises from the problem caused by the telecommunication provider which is changed from the public monopoly to the market competing mechanism. If the market competing mechanism can’t provide the basic telecommunication needs in certain situations, especially which is cause of religion, how to solve this problem to let alone the market competing mechanism or to let the government, the original provider, has the responsibility to response. Based on the economic characteristics of telecommunication businesses, the private sectors in relevant market are not willing to provide services due to high cost. In order to respond to the problem, many nations tend to use the concept “Telecommunications Universal Service” in the telecommunication legislation, which is a mechanism that every private sector to share the cost and lost equally under the market competing rule. The design of the institution is originated from the transition of the nation’s role. It’s because that the infrastructures (ex. telecommunication, energy, water etc.) were considered as the field where the government (public sector) should provide such services actively, and form of monopoly was considered legal under the premise that every citizen can have the interest of obtaining these services. However, the law of supply and demand in telecommunication legislation has been changed into the market competing rule. Here what the public sector should notice is that the role turns to a supervisor or controller of the relevant markets based on the public interests. In this situation, the role of the nation should switch from Welfare State to Guarantee State (Gewahrleistungsstaat). The public sector as a controller and planner has a responsibly to set special institutions ensuring the operation of markets and to maintain the market in order to realize the public interests. Therefore, the Guarantee State doesn’t abandon all the responsibilities but just withdrawn the individual performing responsibilities in order to make administration more spontaneous and varied. Not only the private sectors can earn profits but also make efficiency of the realization of public interests. The Rule of Welfare State can lead a conclusion that every citizen can obtain the telecommunication services at an affordable price. However, the pure market operation can’t achieve the goal above, the mechanism that the nation provides compensation to the industries in uneconomical areas caused by the unreasonable cost is necessary. In Fact, the materialization of Guarantee State is the telecommunication universal service. It’s not only a design that ensure the public interests realized but also promote the cooperation between public and private sectors, and it’s fit the goal of the guarantee state. This article is a comparison to the Germany telecommunications universal service, observing the structure of universal services under the concept of Guarantee State. The construction of the universal services of Germany could be a guideline of our government in order to fit the concept of guarantee state.

參考文獻


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