人工智慧產品侵權責任之研究：以自動駕駛車為中心

當自動駕駛車成為道路交通的一環，雖能為社會帶來諸多好處，卻也伴隨事故之風險。本文從民事法侵權行為的角度切入，試圖透過侵權行為法制填補損害、預防損害的雙重功能，促進自駕車風險之評估、分擔與控制。自駕車在現行侵權行為法中的特殊性，除體現在人工智慧技術自主性、不可預測性所造成的「責任真空」外，更反映在駕駛人責任、商品責任之要件及法律效果均未必能有效因應自駕車事故之損害。因此，本文認為應針對自駕車之特性，重新設計事故責任的體系。具體而言，本文認為應依自駕車中是否仍有駕駛人角色之存在，區分為低等級與高等級自駕車而有不同的歸責模式。低等級自駕車係仍以駕駛人責任為事故處理之核心；至高等級自駕車，則應在事故發生之初，提供被害人特別基金之從速補償，並建立訴訟上之請求權基礎，如自駕車所有人之代位責任、自駕車製造商之自駕系統製造人責任等。本文冀能藉由現行侵權行為法制適用於自駕車之檢討，以及所提出之侵權行為體系，連貫自駕車事故防免的各個環節，妥善保障被害人權益，最終達到自駕車安全性提升、社會大眾對自駕車接受、信賴之目的。

關鍵字

人工智慧；自動駕駛車；自駕車；侵權行為；商品責任

並列摘要

When autonomous vehicles (AVs) eventually begin to fill our roads, we are sure to be sorely reminded, aside from their numerous benefits, of the risk they bring forth in the form of accidents. This thesis attempts to explore the identification, management and allocation of AV-related risks from a tort liability perspective. It is first discovered that current tort liability schemes fail to address AVs properly, not only due to the “responsibility gap” caused by the autonomy and unpredictability of modern artificial intelligence systems, but also since both driver liability and product liability regulations exhibit fatal flaws in accounting for the attributes of such a revolutionary technology. This thesis instead proposes a liability scheme catered towards AVs. First and foremost, AVs are divided into two categories, fully- and non-fully-autonomous, according to whether the role of “driver” is present within. Non-fully-autonomous AVs should follow the traditional automobile accident liability paradigm where the driver is primarily responsible for the injury. Fully-autonomous AVs, on the other hand, give rise to a more sophisticated resolution of accidents. Initially, the victim should be entitled to partial but immediate compensation from an AV-injury public fund. Then, in court, the victim should be allowed to make claims against the AV owner, lending from vicarious liability theory, and against the manufacturer in terms of strict liability. This thesis aspires to involve all stakeholders regarding AV safety and liability, with aim to safeguard unfortunate AV accident victims, and ultimately build confidence among the public towards a future including AVs.