以Goffman劇場理論探究虛擬工作社群參與者的情境定義、認同和行為展現

Applying Goffman's dramaturgy theory to investigate the situation definitions, identities, and behavior of virtual work-group participants

游雅筑(Ya-Chu Yu)

指導教授 ： 陳昭秀

國立交通大學/人文社會學院/教育研究所/博士(2020年)

摘要

人際互動一直是人文社會科學領域重要的研究議題。受益於科技的進步及軟硬體設備的提升，網路幾近零延遲的特性帶動虛擬社群的蓬勃發展，讓互動情境由線下真實世界延伸到線上虛擬空間，有越來越多的使用者透過虛擬社群進行與工作有關的交流互動。本研究運用Goffman的劇場理論來解讀虛擬網路空間的互動，視虛擬工作社群為特定區域、特定戲劇表演的地方，探討虛擬工作社群參與者對虛擬工作社群情境的情境定義、認同與在此空間的行為展現之間的關係。
Goffman的劇場理論將社會比擬為劇場的縮影，個人在不同的情境會扮演不同的社會角色，從角色之間的互動中逐漸發展出自我，產生對個人及對社會的認同，並據此有不同的行為展現。個人在劇場前台的行為展現是為了符合其所扮演社會角色應該呈現給他人的印象，而後台則是可以放心卸下扮演的角色、展現自我或讓自己喘息的地方。過往研究將虛擬社群直接視為前台或後台，忽略Goffman對於情境定義是依據區域、時間或意義的不同來詮釋，非特定的前台或後台區域。因此，本研究認為虛擬工作社群的空間可能兼具前台與後台的特性，個人對於虛擬工作社群情境的定義傾向會影響其認同和行為展現。
本研究先參考相關文獻，建立研究的理論架構，並編製「虛擬工作社群參與者的情境定義、認同和行為展現」問卷，問卷當中的情境定義是測量研究對象將虛擬工作社群定義為前台區域的傾向程度；認同變項包含個人認同、社會認同；行為展現包含自我呈現策略、符號呈現方式、自我揭露行為等。透過線上匿名問卷收集資料，共計回收問卷614份，有效問卷585份。資料分析以描述性統計、卡方考驗、獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關分析、結構方程模式等統計方法進行。
本研究分析後所得之主要研究發現：1.虛擬工作社群參與者感知情境定義傾向能負向預測自我呈現策略中的迎合性策略、炫耀性策略及示弱性策略；2.情境定義傾向能負向預測符號呈現方式中的符號使用目的；3.情境定義傾向能負向預測自我揭露行為中的自我揭露廣度及自我揭露深度；4.虛擬工作社群參與者的個人認同能正向預測自我呈現策略中的迎合性策略，但對示弱性策略則為負向預測，而社會認同能正向預測自我呈現策略中的迎合性策略、炫耀性策略、示弱性策略及協助性策略；5.個人認同與社會認同皆對符號呈現方式中的符號使用目的及符號使用形式具顯著正向預測；6.個人認同對自我揭露行為中的自我揭露深度具顯著負向預測，而社會認同對自我揭露行為中的自我揭露廣度及自我揭露深度具顯著正向預測。本研究結果可供企業組織、員工或後續研究者作為於虛擬工作社群工作交流與溝通互動之參考。

關鍵字

劇場理論 ； 虛擬工作社群 ； 情境定義 ； 認同 ； 自我呈現策略 ； 符號呈現方式 ； 自我揭露行為

並列摘要

Social interaction is always an important research issue in humanities and social sciences. Owing to the development of technology and equipment and the zero-delay network, various virtual communities flourish, and social interaction has spread from the real world to the virtual space. More and more people participate in work-related communication via online communities. This study applies Goffman's dramaturgy theory to investigate the interaction in virtual work groups, and virtual work groups are viewed as certain spaces for performing certain roles. This study focuses on the relationships of virtual work-group participants’ situation definitions, identities, and behavior.
Goffman's dramaturgy theory uses the theatre analogy to describe the social occasions. Under different social contexts, individuals play different social roles to interact with others. Gradually, individuals shape the self, identities, and behavior presentation from the experiences of social interaction. Individuals perform appropriate behavior for their social roles to make appropriate impression on the audience in the front of the house, while in the back of the house they could put the social roles away, freely present the self, and have a break. Previous studies often viewed virtual communities as either the front of the house or the back of the house, but they neglect the fact that Goffman suggested individuals define situations based on various aspects such as space, time, and meanings. Therefore, this study considers virtual work groups possess characteristics of both the front and the back of the house. Also, individuals’ situation definitions could affect their identities and behavior presentation.
The author firstly reviewed relevant literature to build the theoretical framework for this study and then developed an instrument to measure the virtual work-group participants’ situation definitions, identities, and behavior presentation. The situation-definition scale measures virtual work-group participants’ agreement levels on how they consider virtual work groups as the front of the house. The identity scale includes constructs of individual identity and social identity, and the behavior-presentation scale measures variables including self-presentation strategy, symbol presentation, and self-disclosure behavior. Online anonymous questionnaires were distributed, and 614 responses were collected including 585 valid responses. The collected data were analyzed by the statistical methods such as descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and SEM analysis.
The findings are as follows. First, virtual work-group participants’ perceived situation definition can negatively predict “ingratiate strategy”, “self-enhancement strategy”, and “supplication strategy” in the self-presentation strategy. Second, situation definition can negatively predict “symbol-use purpose” in the symbol presentation. Third, situation definition can negatively predict “breadth of self-disclosure” and “depth of self-disclosure” in the self-disclosure behavior. Fourth, virtual work-group participants’ perceived individual identity can positively predict “ingratiate strategy” but negatively predict “supplication strategy”; Social identity can positively predict “ingratiate strategy”, “self-enhancement strategy”, “supplication strategy,” and “assistance strategy.” Fifth, both individual identity and social identity can positively predict “symbol-use purpose” and “symbol-use style” in the symbol presentation. Sixth, individual identity can positively predict “depth of self-disclosure” while social identity can positively predict both “breadth of self-disclosure” and “depth of self-disclosure” in the self-disclosure behavior. The findings should provide organizations, employees, and researchers with suggestions about interaction and communication in virtual work groups.

並列關鍵字

Dramaturgy theory ； virtual work-group ； situation definition ； identity ； self-presentation strategy ； symbol presentation ； self-disclosure behavior

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