考慮運輸效率與節能減碳之停車費模擬分析

Parking Fee Analysis Model in Consideration of Transportation Efficiency and Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction

楊庭瑋(Ting-Wei Yang)

指導教授 ： 史茂樟

義守大學/理工學院/土木與生態工程學系/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6343/ISU.2015.00202

摘要

世界各大都市中私人運具使用率節節上升的情況下，所衍生的塞車問題，造成諸多的能源消耗與環境的惡化。為降低都市道路擁擠程度，許多都市除了運用良好的大眾運輸策略，降低其旅行成本，吸引旅次由私人運具轉移，此外更以提高私人運具成本的遏止策略，降低私人運具的使用率，其中主要運用策略包括提高燃料稅、實施區域擁擠收費、及調整停車費率等方式。
本研究旨在探討停車費率收取區間對整體複合運輸系統之效率變化及節能減碳之影響，研究中運用針對用以分析智慧型運輸系統之動態旅次運具選擇與旅次指派模式(Dynamic Multiple Mode Selection and Trip Assignment Model, DynaMMSTAM) 為模擬工具進行旅次指派及運具選擇，以停車費用為模擬變數執行一系列道路擁擠度分析，利用不同停車費率探討停車費變動時整體路網旅次分配於私人運具與大眾運輸系統之情形，分析停車費增加減緩道路運量之程度、大眾運輸使用率之提升狀況、以及所帶來之節能減碳效益。研究中運用高雄市交通特性簡化之長、短兩種模擬路網，搭配「順暢」、「中度」及「擁擠」三種交通量進行模擬分析，檢視不同停車費率下運輸效率及能源消耗之變化。
研究結果顯示，初始停車費為0元/次時旅次使用大眾運輸之比率(初始轉移率)隨道路交通擁擠增高而提高，不同的停車費率下交通愈擁擠移轉比率也就愈高，檢視三種不同交通狀況下，轉移最大邊際效應皆發生於停車費20至40元/次之區間，亦即於此區間所產生之道路行車速率變化及節能減碳之效益最為明顯，40元/次以上之影響趨緩。故依此研究結果，現行高雄市30元/次的停車費率若能提升至40元/次，將可產生最好的價格彈性效果，再次提高停車費其成效並不彰顯。

關鍵字

動態指派 ； 停車費 ； 價格彈性 ； 運輸效率 ； 節能減碳

並列摘要

Under the situation of continuously increased usage of the private transport in all cities around the word, the resulting traffic congestion problem derived with considerable energy consumption and environmental issues. To reduce urban road congestion, many of the cities implement good public transport strategies to reduce travel cost of its journeys so as to attract travelers to shift from private transport. In addition, using higher private transport cost as a curb strategy reduces the usage rate of private transport. These strategies mainly include methods such as increasing fuel tax, implementing regional congestion charges, and adjusting parking fees.
This study was designed to investigate the change of parking rates with regard to the change of multiple transportation system efficiency as well as the influence of energy saving and carbon reduction. Implementing the DynaMMSTAM(Dynamic Multiple Mode Selection and Trip Assignment Model) as an analysis tool to conduct trip assignment and mode selection for the intelligent transportation systems. Using parking fee as the simulated variable, the research executes a series of road congestion analysis. By changing parking fee, the model obtains the allocation of the entire network trips to the private mode and the transit systems. With the result, the degree of mitigation of road traffic, the usage rate of public transit, and the efficiency of energy saving and carbon reduction can be evaluated. In the research, Two(long and short) simplified Koahsiung city transportation networks are applied to carry out the simulation analysis under "smooth", "moderate" and "congestion" three traffic volumes.

The research results showed that when the initial parking fee is equal to NT$ 0 / times, the more congested the road network is, a higher ratio of journeys the public transport (initial transfer rate) will be used. The same results also occur in different value of parking fees. Inspecting the transfer effect, the maximum marginal effect occurred in parking fees in-between NT$20 / times to NT$40 /times. It means that in this price range, the most obvious benefit can be obtained in consideration of driving speed improvement as well as energy saving and carbon reduction. The benefit will be slow down when parking fee is over NT$40 /times. Therefore, increasing the prevailing parking fee NT$30 / times to NT$40 /times will generate the best price elasticity.

並列關鍵字

Dynamic Trip Assignment ； Parking Fee ； Congestion Pricing ； Transportation Efficiency ； Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction

參考文獻

12. 周義華，「運輸工程(第五版)」，鼎漢國際工程顧問股份有限公司，台北(2001)。

17. 凌瑞賢，「運輸規劃原理與實務」，鼎漢國際工程顧問股份有限公司，台北(2001)。

20. 薛聖弘、許源舜高雄市政府交通局97年，考察新加坡徵收道路使用費措施

29. 郭瑜堅，「旅次總成本導向之都市運輸政策評估方法」，博士論文，國立台灣大學土木工程研究所，台北(2007)。

13. 周榮昌、et al.，「中程旅運者旅行時間價值之研究」，中國土木水利工程學刊，第15卷，第1期，頁189-197(2003)。