試論公共利益與私權利-以不動產為中心

A Comparative Study of Public and Private Interest：Focusing on Real Estate

羅郁雯(Yu-Wen Lo)

指導教授 ： 伍勝民

朝陽科技大學/理工學院/營建工程系/碩士(2014年)

摘要

都市發展有其生命週期，一般鋼筋混凝土結構之建築物壽命約為40~50年。台灣都市早期未妥善規劃且建築物開始面臨房屋老舊及主要結構受損等情形；建物經震災後，更可能導致防災安全疑慮、經濟衰退及有礙市容觀瞻等問題，政府為使人民擁有居住安全、良好的生活品質及增進都市魅力、復甦市場機能，以都市更新或土地徵收之不動產政策改善此問題，卻因公共利益與私權利相互衝突，導致爭議不斷發生之情況。
基於上述理由，本研究採取文獻內容分析法，如學理見解、期刊雜誌、博碩士論文、專書等，回顧並整理歸納公共利益與私權利之相關論述，藉由各類不同學者之理論基礎，探討「公共利益」與「私權利」兩者之意義及衝突點，輔以討論憲法對人民私權利之保障與限制，再利用我國既有的都市更新與土地徵收爭議個案，於實務運作情形與所遭遇的問題做說明，探究不動產政策所帶來之爭議。政府執行公共利益時，基於公共利益相關法令，例如容積率之限制與地價補償數額標準，使相關當事人之私權利受限縮因而引致民怨。為調和公共利益與私權利之對立關係，本文建議在保障人民私權利前提下，政府可考慮放寬法規標準，於某種程度讓私權利擴張而不生特定圖利之情形，適時提高相關當事人容積獎勵、補償及補助。並建議土地徵收亦可增加「獎勵」概念，鼓勵人民配合政策之執行、提高誘因，以擴張私權利成就公共利益之方式，期能降低不動產相關政策之爭議發生，以維護國家利益、實現社會更大公共利益。

關鍵字

土地徵收 ； 都市更新 ； 私權利 ； 公共利益

並列摘要

The concept of life cycles exists even in urban development, as typical reinforced concrete buildings have a life span of forty to fifty years. Due to a lack of proper early planning in Taiwanese cities, buildings have begun to experience aging and damage to major structures, especially in the aftermath of earthquakes where such problems could lead to doubts about disaster prevention safety, economic impacts, and hinder a city’s appearance. In an effort to provide a safe and comfortable living environment, improve urban charisma, and revive market mechanisms, government authorities have turned to urban renewal or land expropriation of real estate as strategies to mitigate the problems brought about by aging cities. However, due to conflict of public and private interests associated with these strategies, many disputes tend to arise.
This research uses content analysis from academic opinions, journals, theses and dissertations, and literature review to consolidate and compile relevant discussions relating to private and public interest. Drawing from multiple academic sources this study examines the definitions and areas of conflict regarding the concepts of “public interest” and “private interests”, as well as analyzing the effect of the constitution on the legal safeguards and restrictions on private interests. Then, urban renewal and land expropriation dispute case studies in Taiwan are studied to discuss the problems brought about by such government real estate policies. When the government enacts public interest policies, legalities such as standards for floor area ratios and land value compensation can lead to constraints and encroachment of citizens’ private interests. In order to restore the balance in the relationship of public and private interests, this paper suggests that under the pretense of preserving private interest, the government can consider relaxing legal standards and requirements in an effort to allow for expansion of private interest without the contingency for collusion by providing the parties involved with incentives, compensation, or subsidizations as deemed necessary. This paper also suggests the inclusion of an incentive concept as part of land expropriation, which encourages cooperation and provides motivation for achieving the goals of public interest through private interest expansion, with the expectation for reducing real estate policy related disputes and maintaining national interests through the greater good of public interests.

並列關鍵字

land expropriation ； urban renewal ； private interest ； public interest

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