以指定與自定目標的形式驗證運動中目標設定的論戰一兼論目標過程中之自我效能、滿足感與努力度

With Assigned and Self-Set Goals to Resolve the Controversy of Goal Setting in Sport - and Discuss Self - Efficacy, Satisfaction, Effort in Goal Process

高三福(San-Fu Kao)

《中原學報》 26卷4期 (1998/11) Pp. 61-72

https://doi.org/10.6358/JCYU.199811.0061

摘要

目標設定理論在組織與工業心理學是普遍受到肯定的理論，雖然Locke與Latham（1985,1990）認為目標設定理論在運動中有很高的理論與應用價值，但是特殊具挑戰性的目標比無目標或盡力而為，可以提昇運動表現的假設，卻一再地受到質疑，因此引起一連串的論戰（Locke,1991,1994; Weinberg & Weingand, 1993,1996）。
本研究主要以指定目標與自定目標的形式，驗證特殊具挑戰性的目標可以有效提昇運動表現的假說，並探討在目標設定過程中之自我效能、滿足感及努力度。本研究的目的有四，一、以指定目標與自定目標的型式，探討目標組與盡力而為組運動表現之優劣。二、探討指定目標、自定目標與盡力而為，在訓練期間自我效能的變化情形。三、探討經過不同實驗處理的所有受試者，其高自我效能與低自我效能在目標設定及運動表現的差異。四、探討經過不同實驗處理的所有受試者，其達成指定或自定的目標與否，與其滿足感及下一次的努力度之關係。
本研究在體育課的情境下實施，受試者（N=93）為大學一年級男生。研究分為兩階段，第一階段為連續兩週的基本練習，作為受試者的目標基準。第二階段時，實驗者以「腹肌鍛鍊實施手冊」給予受試者不同的實驗指示，進行三週正式的仰臥起坐訓練。結果發現：一、目標組的運動表現優於盡力而為，雖然指定目標與自定目標之仰臥起坐並無差異，但結果顯示特殊具挑戰性的目標可以有效提昇運動表現。支持Locke與Latham 1985,1990）的假設。二、目標組的自我效能每週都有顯著進步，顯示特殊具挑戰性的目標，亦可以有效地提昇自我效能。三、參與實驗的不同組別所有受試者，高自我效能者比低自我效能者，有較高的目標與運動表現，顯示自我效能機制在運動中的重要性。四、在訓練三週中，達到目標者會明顯較滿足，顯示達到目標能帶來滿足的自我回饋。在下一週的努力度，達到第一週目標的受試者，在第二週明顯較努力，然而在第二週達到目標者，在第三週的努力卻未達顯著。從受試者的自陳報告顯示，此一結果可能與第三週時達到最困難的目標有關。
本研究並針對在正式實驗時，未能符合Locke（1991,1994）所宣稱10%受試者所能達到的最適宜目標提出反省，最後本研究亦對未來研究與結果應用提出建議。

關鍵字

指定目標 ； 自定目標 ； 目標設定 ； 自我效能 ； 滿足感 ； 努力度

並列摘要

Goal setting as a motivational technique to enhance performance and productively has received consistent, reliable, and robust support from the industrial/organizational literature that specific, challenging goals lead to higher levels of task performance than on goals, do-best goals. Although Locke and Latham (1985, 1990) state that goal setting should work equally as well in sport setting, little empirical research has been conducted the effectiveness of goals for enhancing sport performance. Thus, the controversy in goal setting in sport and exercise has been arguing for a long time (Locke, 1991,1994; Weinberg & Weingand, 1993, 1996).
The aim of this study is to test the assumption that specific, challenging goal lead to higher performance than do best goal in sport setting, with the assigned goal and self-set goal. Besides, self-efficacy, satisfaction, and effort in the goal process will also be discussed. There are four purposes in this study. First, try to find the performance differences between specific goal and do best goal, whit the goal which is assigned and self-set. Second, try to find the changing of self- efficacy during training three weeks between assigned goal, self-set goal, and do best goal. Third, try to find the differences in goal and performance between high and low self-efficacy subjects who are cross groups subjects. Fourth, try to find the relationships between satisfaction and effort in next week when subjects attain goals or not.
This study is in a physical activity class setting. Subjects (N=93) are male freshman. There are two stages in the process. The first stage is a basic sit-up training for two weeks as the results for the subjects’ goal base-line. The second stage, subjects are given the training handbook individually as the research instruction, and this stage is training for three weeks as the operating phase. After three weeks of training, the results shows:
First, the performance in specific goal is better than do best goal, though there is no difference between assigned goal and self-set goal. However, this result show that specific, challenging goal can promote performance effectively than do best goal in sport setting. Second, the self-efficacy in specific goal is progressed every week, it means that specific, challenging goal also can promote subjects’ self-efficacy effectively. Third, from the cross groups subjects, high self-efficacy subjects have higher goals and performance than low self-efficacy subjects. It shows that self-efficacy is an important mechanism in sport. Fourth, Subjects attain goals in the second training stage are mote satisfied. It shows attaining goal bring subjects self-rewards. In the first week, subjects attain goals are more effort in the second week than those not attain goals. However, subjects in the second week attain goals or not are not different in effort in the second week. According to subjects’ self-reports, this is concern to the highest goal in the third week probab ly.
This study also discussing the goal difficulty operation fail to fit Locke’s announcement (1991, 1994). This study also give suggestions for future research and application.

並列關鍵字

assigned goals ； self-set gals ； goal setting ； self-efficacy ； astisfaction ； effort