台灣地區殺人犯罪之研究：多面向成因之實證調查

A Study on Criminal Homicide in Taiwan: A Multi-dimensional Empirical Research

楊士隆(Shu-Lung Yang)

《犯罪學期刊》 4期 (1999/06) Pp. 185-224

https://doi.org/10.29607/ZHWHGX.199906.0006

摘要

近年來台灣地區犯罪問題日益猖獗，其中最令民眾感到恐懼害怕者則以殺人犯罪為最。根據統計，台灣地區殺人犯罪每年維持在1400至1800件，且殺人犯罪比率與英、法、德、韓、日等諸國相較是明顯偏高，亟待謀求妥適對策因應。在擬針對殺人犯罪進行拓荒性研究之時，作者認為犯罪學界之科際整合犯罪成因探討策略非常有助於描繪、檢視殺人犯之特性與本質（Gortes & Gatti. 1972; Jeffery, 1989），故本研究擬加以援用測試。本研究於民國八十七年一至三月間，以自行設計之自陳問卷對台灣地區共20所監獄中刻正服刑之1,682名殺人犯受刑人進行調查。本研究發現：殺人犯基本上是以男性、30-40歲、國中畢業、未婚、職業以自由業者是具有前科者為主，而在犯罪情境中，殺人方式以刀械為主，發生地點以住宅中居多，九月、星期五及深夜為發生頻率最頻繁的時間，動機主要為爭吵，近五成的殺人犯案發前有飲酒。在殺人犯的生理特徵方面，體型以強壯型，有刺青居多。在心理人格特性上，基本上罹患精神病者僅佔少數，殺人犯屬於高攻擊性者，但其衝動控制並不必然隨內外在衝動而行動，憂鬱性亦不顯著。在殺人犯的家庭背景方面，家庭成員中有酗酒、前科紀錄及罹患精神疾病史畫雖有，但比例不高，不同之殺人犯罪類型與受虐程度具有統計上的顧著差異存在。而在殺人犯兒童期生活經驗中，曾有受虐經驗者雖有，但並不明顯。青少年期之偏差行為則以抽菸、無照駕車、進出聲色場所較多。在社會相關因素上，研究結果顯示社會學習理論變項之影響並未獲得證實，惟在觀賞暴力影片上卻明顯頻率偏高。最後在與被害者之關連性方面，加害者與被害者間多數為陌生，惟案發前飲酒及相互攻擊之比率甚高，大致符合Wolfgang（1958）所提之「被害者所引起」的殺人犯罪概念。綜合言之，本研究認為殺人犯罪之形成具複雜之背景因素，而實際殺人犯罪之衍生，多數乃加害者與被害者因故爭執，在情意控制欠佳下，進而提昇至殺人行動。在防治措施上，應致力於消除不良之個人、家人、社會環境衍生暴行因素，並加強全民之情緒控制與人際溝通教育，以使殺人犯罪降至最低。

並列摘要

Crime problems have become more serious and emerged as an issue of national concern recently in Taiwan. One most heinous violent crime that threatens most citizens intensively is criminal homicide. According to the data from Criminal Investigation Bureau(1995), the homicide case was around 1400 to 1800 within 10 years period. Cross-national research further reveals that Taiwan has a relatively high rate of homicide, and such trend requires further research. For the purpose of launching a pioneer study on criminal homicide in Taiwan, the interdisciplinary approach, mostly biopsycho-social perspective (Cortes & Gatti, 1972; Jeffery, 1989)is employed by our research group to explore the nature and characteristics of criminal homicide, and uncover its underlying cause.Self-reported questionnaires were administered to a purposively drawn sample of 1,682 inmates charged for homicide from 20 prisons in Taiwan between the period of January to March, 1998. The study primarily showed that homicide offenders are mostly male, thirty to forty years old, and unmarried. They usually use knife to trigger crime in the house on midnight Friday. Altercations are the major reasons for homicides. About fifty percent of offenders were under the influence of alcohol at the time of the incidents. The characteristics of these offenders are mesomorphic body type with obvious violent animal taboo. With few exceptions, homicide offenders are not psychotics. They are highly aggressive, but not under-controlled type. Further their emotional state remains stable and the depression levels are also not significantly different. These violent offenders are generally not being abused in their early childhood, however, all kinds types of delinquent behaviors are exhibited. For the correlates of homicide offending, relatively high exposure to violent media was found. The relationship between offenders and victims was primarily strangers. The offenders and victims attack each other with a high rate before the incidents, Professor Wolfgang's (1958) ”Victim precipitated homicide” concept is supported.In sum, the study concludes that there are complicated causes for homicide offending in Taiwan. However, many serious hurts are forward through arguments under some situational influences. For prevention and control of such violent acts, efforts should be made to reduce negative individual, family, and societal factors that precipitated criminal behaviors. Moreover, well-planned social skills and emotional control training should be taught to the general public, so as to prevent the rise of violent crime.