Hirschi控制理論的原初觀點與發展：家庭與父母管教方式在子女非行控制上的角色

The Initial Viewpoints and Development of Hirschi's Control Theory: The Role of Family and Parental Discipline toward the Control of the Offspring's Delinquent Behavior

郭豫珍(Yu-Jen Kuo)

《犯罪學期刊》 7卷1期 (2004/06) Pp. 49-80

https://doi.org/10.29607/ZHWHGX.200406.0003

摘要

家庭是青少年接受社會化的第一個機構，而在家庭，父母則是個人第一個接觸並建立連結關係的對象。當青少年行為偏差，人們難免把責任歸咎於家庭因素。而有關家庭與青少年偏差行為的關聯，事實上也一直是犯罪學理論研究的最主要焦點。本文由控制理論的觀點，特別是Hirschi的觀點，論述家庭在控制結構上的角色，並進而介紹有關父母管教與青少年偏差行為關聯性的相關研究成果；同時，對於論者認為控制理論倡導體罰的誤解，予以釐清。
社會控制理論的主要觀點是：人生來即具有利己的傾向，只要機會許可，均有犯罪的動機和可能性。然為何大部分的人又不犯罪？乃因個人所到的不同控制所致。就此，Hirschi於1969年發表《Causes of Delinquency》，其理論建構偏重於「外在控制」的效應。1990年提出《A General Theory of Crime》，則傾向人的「內在控制」。
國內在有關青少年偏差行為原因的本土研究中，社會控制理論的運用最廣泛，也獲得最多的實證支持。然有關自我控制理論的運用，則仍顯不足。尤其，對於Hirschi相隔二十年前後兩個重要的理論，其關係為何？其思想的傳承又屬如何？核心觀念在家庭與青少年偏差行為互動模式上，又分別扮演如何角色？這些問題的解答，事實上乃攸關Hirschi控制理論的進一步發展與運用，也是本文主要關切所在。

關鍵字

控制理論 ； 社會控制理論 ； 自我控制理論 ； 控制理論發展系統 ； 約制系統 ； 社會鍵 ； 懲罰效應 ； 親職功能

並列摘要

Family being the first institution in which adolescents socialized, while family and parents are the subjects that an individual first contact and establish a linage relationship. When adolescents exhibit delinquent behavior, it is often that people lay blame on the family factor. The key points of Criminology Theories focus on the correlation between family and adolescent delinquency. The thesis broaches the viewpoint of the control theory, particularly Hirschi Travi’s viewpoints, in describing the role that family plays in the control structure, with which to further profile pertinent findings on the relevancy of parental guidance vs. adolescent delinquency; meanwhile, it also aims to clarify the misconception how critics regard Hirschi as an advocator of corporal punishment.
A key perspective of social control theory lies in that all people are born with a tendency to indulge in whose own favor at the cost of the others, and as long as the society permits, there are always motives and probability of committing crime. Yet why do a majority of people shun from committing crime? Which can largely be attributed to how an individual is subjected to varying degree of control. Hirschi reiterated in his publication in 1969 “Causes of Delinquency”, which leaned toward the ‘Outer control” effect. Whereas his publication, “A General Theory of Crime” released in 1991 has favored a humanistic “Inner control”.
Among the local studies regarding adolescent delinquency conducted, the adaptation of the social control theory was most preemptive and supported by empirical study. Yet there is an obvious lack in the adaptation of the “Self-control theory”. Particularly how Hirschi’s two crucial theories that are two decades apart are interrelated? Or how the thread of his thoughts is? Or how the theories come into play in terms of addressing the core concept of the interactive mode of family vs. adolescent delinquency? The solution to these questions, in fact, rests on a further development and adaptation of Hirschi’s control theory, it’s also a crucial basis where the thesis has derived from.

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