越南羅馬字和台灣白話字的文字方案比較

越南話和台語(Holooe)都屬於有聲調的孤立語類型，而且皆曾用漢字做書寫系統。越南在十六世紀末期經由傳教士傳入羅馬字來書寫越南語。越南羅馬字經過三百餘年的發展，終於在1945年以後取代漢字、喃字而成為越南當今唯一的正式書寫系統。「白話字」是指於十九世紀，在台灣第二次羅馬字時期經由傳教士傳入台灣，主要用來書寫台語的羅馬字系統。本論文以語言學的角度來分析比較越南羅馬字和台灣白話字的文字設計方案。因為這二種語言都有聲調，所以都在「韻母」上面添加「區別符號」(diacritics)來區別聲調。越南話因為語音比台語複雜，所以區別符號除了區別聲調之外，也用來區別語音的種類。在塞音部分，越南字和白話字均分辨「清」、「濁」、和「送氣」，分別用p t k表示清音，b d g表示濁音，加h表示送氣。在「音素」和「文字符號」的對應方面，白話字基本上是一對一的模式，然而越南字大約有四分之一的音素是一對多的方式；其對應規則原則上依照「母音」的特色分做前對後、上對下、長對短、圓對扁嘴。

關鍵字

白話字；羅馬字；國語字；傳教士；音素文字

並列摘要

Both Vietnamese and Taiwanese are tone languages. In addition, they both used to formerly use Han characters as the writing system, and at a late time developed Romanized writing systems with the help of missionaries. This paper provides a linguistic analysis of the Vietnamese Chu Quoc Ngu and Taiwanese Peh-oe-ji, which were Romanized systems developed in Vietnam and Taiwan, respectively. Diacritics were employed as tone marks both in Vietnamese and Taiwanese. In Vietnamese, diacritics were also used to show different sound values because the complexity of its sound system as compared to Taiwanese. In their spelling of stop consonants, p t k refer to voiceless; b d g refer to voiced; and an added h indicate aspiration. Regarding the correspondence between phonemes and orthographic symbols, most cases were on a one-to-one relationship in POJ. In contrast, about one fourth of the spelling in CQN had multiple correspondence between phonemes and orthougraphic symbols. In general, the spelling rules were arranged based on the vowel features, i.e., front vs. back, high vs. low, long vs. short, and rounded vs. unrounded.