論錢穆現代「士」型知識分子與社會文化發展

On Qian Mu's Ideal of the Modern Intelligentsia of the ＂Scholar Elite＂ Type and Their Role in the Development of Society and Culture

陸冠州(Kuan-Chou Lu)

《應華學報》 15期 (2014/06) Pp. 77-120

https://doi.org/10.6391/JAC.201406_(15).0003

摘要

此論題反映錢穆（1895-1990）對中國現代化的發展，有一套迥異於時下知識分子的濟世策略。全民「新士」化是此套策略的核心目標。它既關乎中國知識工業的建立，也涉及中國傳統文化最高理想的實現。然而學界對錢穆的經世論述，主要針對其「士治」說、中國文化特質說之內涵及其理路進行分析，鮮少從中國現代知識階層之發展及知識分子在現代社會與文化進程之作用，釐出錢穆對新中國的規劃秉持的文化視野，是以本文針對此一論題作出分析。本文論述之要旨有四。第一，錢穆「新士」社會的訴求旨在建構一個在知識的總量需求上，符合現代知識產業發展的社會。它的知識定義權向「新士」社會的所有成員開放，而不是由特定知識人把持。第二，「新士」社會的成員實現自我的方式，乃是將自我鑲嵌於社會規範與關係之中，而非置身於世外。他們透過社會正義的實踐建構其公共身分。第三，在「士」型知識分子的帶領下，現代中國的文化改造工程是一種涵化（acculturation）式的文化變遷過程。他們相信中國固有文化的實力足以使西方文化的優點轉化成自身文化的一部分，這可使現代中國保有完整的主體性。第四，在西學的吸收上，「新士」社會的知識分子須「守死」西學，誠心西化。這是為了重振中國學術地位，該具有的基本態度。目前中國學界尚須歷時數百年，才可能出現使西學中國化的非凡人物。他們是中國重返大國之林的重要指標。

關鍵字

錢穆 ； 「士」型知識分子 ； 知識工業 ； 社會正義 ； 中國文化實力 ； 涵化式的文化變遷

並列摘要

This paper proposes that Qian Mu (1895-1990) envisions an approach to the modernization of China as a nation-saving strategy that is fundamentally different from that of contemporary intellectuals. At the heart of this approach is the goal of turning all citizens into ＂new scholar elites.＂ It involves the establishment of China as knowledge industry and the realization of the ultimate ideal in traditional Chinese culture. However, previous studies on Qian Mu's theory of government tend to focus on two aspects: one is his proposition of ＂rule of the scholar elites,＂ and the other is the essence and philosophy of his exposition on the characteristics of Chinese culture. Little research has been done on Qian Mu's cultural vision behind his ideal for the future of New China from the perspective of the development of modern Chinese intelligentsia and the role they play in the progress of modern society and culture. Therefore, this paper aims to explore this aspect in more detail. Analysis in this paper can be summarized into four major points. In the first place, Qian Mu's ideal of the ＂new scholar elite＂ society is one that allows for the development of modern knowledge industry in terms of its aggregate demand for knowledge. The power to define knowledge is open to all members of the ＂new scholar elite＂ society, instead of being held by a specific group of intellectuals. Secondly, members of this ＂new scholar elite＂ society find self-realization by embedding the self in social norms and relationships, instead of staying away from the society. They construct their public identity through the realization of social justice. Thirdly, led by the intelligentsia of this ＂scholar-elite＂ type, the cultural transformation of modern China would be one of acculturation. They believe that the basis of Chinese culture is strong enough to absorb the advantages of Western culture and transform them into their own; this, therefore, would retain the integrity of Chinese culture. Finally, intelligentsia in this ＂new scholar elite＂ society must embrace Western culture earnestly as they absorb Western thoughts. This is the most basic attitude to take in order to revitalize China's academic prestige. Qian Mu believes that it would take centuries for exceptional figures to emerge in the Chinese academic circle who can truly sinicize Western knowledge and culture. They would be the fundamental indication of China' restoration in the world's superpowers.

並列關鍵字

QianMu ； intelligentsia of the ＂scholar elite＂ type ； knowledge industry ； social justice ； Chinese cultural basis ； acculturation