非言語表達與跨文化交際

Nonverbal Expression and Intercultural Communication

林景蘇(Lin Ching-Su) ； 林建勳(Lin Chien-Hsun)

《應華學報》 20期 (2019/06) Pp. 17-42

https://doi.org/10.6391/JAC.201906_(20).0002

摘要

本論文之主旨在探討非言語表達之特質與功能，及其在跨文化溝通上所能扮演的角色。本文所謂非言語表達主要是指體態語及反饋語。人類的交際與表達最主要有三個管道，口語、書面語以及體態語，據美國的心理學家Alber Mebrabian的研究，訊息交流的全部=語言（7%）+聲音（38%）+表情（55%）（The total impact of message = 7% verbal + 38% vocal + 55% facial.），純語言的訊息量相對其實是比較少的，而聲音與表情卻佔了百分之93，因此忽略了體態語這個部分將會是很大的不足。相對於語言語而言，體態語是直觀的，因此其概念的穩定度通常不强，但基於共同的生物基礎，可以超越文化别而有其共性的部分卻比言語表達來得强，所以在跨文化溝通中可以扮演極為重要的角色。另外一方面，本文所探討的反饋語部分主要是指漢語單音節、無特定詞意之反饋語。因為單音節反饋語無特定詞義，所以我們將之列入非言語表達。由反饋語到言語表達其實是個灰階狀態，單音節反饋語是較接近非言語表達端，故本文對漢語中的單音節反饋語做了分類探討。也因為單音節反饋語的特性較近非言語表達，其包含的訊息量也遠大於言語表達，故在跨文化交際時，具有既幽微又重要的角色，聽話者通常直接以自身文化養成的前理解去理解這反饋語，一旦具有文化落差時，這個誤解通常不易馬上被發現，但卻會在交際的過程中埋下不可逆料的因素，有時甚至會造成相互憎恨的結果。本文希望透過對非言語表達的探討，能對跨文化溝通中可能產生誤解的疏通稍盡棉薄之力。

關鍵字

跨文化 ； 非言語表達 ； 體態語 ； 反饋語 ； 交際

並列摘要

The main purpose of this thesis is to explore the traits and functions of nonverbal expression and its role in intercultural communication. The so-called nonverbal expression in this paper mainly refers to body language and feedback language. Human communication and expression are mainly composed of three channels, speaking, writing, and body language. According to the study of American psychologist Alber Mebrabian, all communication of the total impact of message=7% verbal + 38% vocal +58% facial, the amount of pure language information is actually relatively small, while the sound and expression account for 93%, ignoring the nonverbal expression will be a big shortcoming. Compared with general language, body language is more intuitive, so its concept is usually unstable. But based on the common biological basis, body language can transcend culture. Its commonalities are better than verbal expression, so it plays a very important role in intercultural communication. On the other hand, the part of the feedback language discussed in this paper mainly refers to the Chinese monosyllabic feedback language which without specific meaning. Due to the monosyllabic feedback has no specific meaning, we include it in nonverbal expressions. From feedback language to verbal expression is actually a gray-scale state. The Monosyllabic feedback is closer to nonverbal expression than general language. This paper classifies Chinese monosyllabic feedbacks. Since the monosyllabic feedback is closer to nonverbal expressions, the amount of information contained is far greater than verbal expression. Therefore, it is very important in intercultural communication. It has a role that is featured in both inconspicuous and essential. The listener usually analyzes the monosyllabic feedback directly in his own culture with pre-understanding. Once there is a cultural gap, this misunderstanding is usually not easy to be discovered immediately. It may produce the unpredictable effects in the process of communication, and sometimes even result in mutual hatred. The authors hope that through the discussion of nonverbal expressions, it can make a slight contribution to the intercultural communication.

並列關鍵字

intercultural communication ； nonverbal expression ； body language ； monosyllabic feedback