預防原則之研究－國際環境法處理欠缺科學證據之環境風險議題之努力與爭議

Precautionary Principle-Efforts and Controversies in Establishing and Implementing Rules for Environmental Risks with Scientific Uncertainty in International Environmental Law

牛惠之(Huei-Chih Niu)

《臺大法學論叢》 34卷3期 (2005/05) Pp. 1-71

https://doi.org/10.6199/NTULJ.2005.34.03.01

摘要

預防原則爲國際環境法中發展出以處理關於具有科學不確定性的環境風險之權宜性指導方針。預防原則雖然立意甚佳，但因國際間對於環境議題所持之態度與立場有所不同，故對於預防原則之具體內涵、實踐方式，甚至法律效果與法律地位等皆無共識，而引發不少爭議。本文茲就國際環境法發展之重要概念與精神，與其對於預防原則之孕育，國際間透過多邊環境協定對於預防原則之引用與法典化所作之努力，以及國際法院、國際海洋法法庭與世界貿易組織等涉及預防原則之爭端案例，分別進行分析與介紹；以探討預防原則在發展過程中受到之影響與牽制，並進而針對預防原則之爭議性法律議題，以及其所涵蓋之範圍與應有之實質內涵與構成要件加以釐清。

關鍵字

預防原則 ； 國際環境法 ； 多邊環境協定 ； 風險管理 ； 核子試爆案二 ； 匈牙利／斯洛伐克水壩案 ； 南方黑鮪案 ； MOX核廢料加工廠案 ； 軟法 ； 暫時性措施

並列摘要

Precautionary Principle is one of the major legal principles that developed in international environmental law in the last decade, and is aimed to deal with environmental risks or impacts with no scientific certainty. The concept of precautionary principle was built in the 1992 Rio Declaration and sold to the global accordingly. By far, precautionary principle has been applied and referred in several MEAs and international dispute cases. However, no uniform understanding of its meaning is reached, amongst states and commentators. The present paper therefore seeks to address the controversies of this very principle by means of exploring the background, i.e. the special features of international environmental law, for developing precautionary principle. Attentions will therefore be made to clarify the nature and scope of precautionary principle. It is suggested that precautionary principle should function as a guideline in the decision-making process of risk management. It is therefore the aim of the present paper to examine the legal interpretations and significance of precautionary principle and to propose a structure of the contents of precautionary principle, so as to identify the preconditions for applying, and major directions provided in, this principle.

並列關鍵字

Precautionary Principle ； International Environmental Law ； MEAs ； Risk Management ； Nuclear Tests case Ⅱ ； Gabčikovo-Nagymaros case ； Southern Bluefin Tuna case ； MOX Pant Case ； Soft Law ； Provisional Measures

參考文獻

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