明清之際江南時事劇的發展及其所反映的社會心態

Drama in Jiangnan: It's Development and Reflection of Social Mentalities in the Late Ming and Early Qing

巫仁恕(Jen-Shu Wu)

《近代史研究所集刊》 31期 (1999/06) Pp. 1-48

https://doi.org/10.6353/BIMHAS.199906.0001

摘要

本文主要探討明末清初江南地區時事劇的發展及其所反映的社會心態。明代中期以後江南經濟的發達，造就了南方戲曲的蓬勃發展。至明清之際江南城市與農村經濟雖已衰退，但因未遭流寇之亂，離北方又遠，新聞傳播之訊息遲緩，使士大夫與富室未覺世局已岌岌可危，而依舊樂衷於演戲。而百姓則面臨空前之災荒與時疫，只得透過演戲的方式以祈神禳災，並藉此抒發心中的不安全感，祭祀演劇的盛行遂成爲普遍的現象，也使江南戲劇維持不墜。清軍南下時江南縱使有戰亂造成部份地區演劇短時間的中斷，然不久即恢復舊觀，故演劇之風仍持續，尤其是蘇州曲派的形成，造就了崑曲的另一高峰。明代中期以後興起以當代政治或人物爲題材的時事劇，到了明清之際仍有許多新的創作，主題環繞著晚明流寇之亂及南明弘光朝政事，清初還流行諷刺科場案之時事劇。直至順治朝晚期以後因爲清政府的高壓政策，終使得時事劇漸漸銷聲匿跡。最後以蘇州曲派的代表劇作家李玉爲例，透過對其兩本劇作的內容分析，探討明清之際的社會心態。從這兩齣劇本中反映了對忠臣與奸臣之辨、流寇的紛擾、地方官的貪污腐化、地方治安與變亂相繼出現（如奴變與寨堡）、政權交替時期百姓痛苦等諸面相的特殊態度與感受。

關鍵字

時事劇 ； 社會心態 ； 明清之際 ； 李玉

並列摘要

Nanxi originated in the Jiangnan area and developed amidst economic booming of the region during the late Ming period. Widespread peasant rebellions during the 1630s to 1640s had devastated many local economies. Jiangnan, however, was not much influenced by these events and nanxi-style plays continued to flourish in the region until early Qing. Many of the famous and popular plays written during this period were concerned with contemporary political and social events. From the final years of Emperor Congzhen's reign up until the Southern Ming government, the most popular plays were about peasant rebellions and the Southern Ming government. Not unitl the late Shunzhi Reign did this type of plays gradually disappear as a result of the governmemt's high-handed policy to suppress the Han culture.
Among the playwrights in Jiangnan, Li Yu was the most prolific and well-known. This paper shows how his more famous plays reflect political and social events of his times, popular opinion, and the different mentalities during the Ming and Qing periods.

並列關鍵字

drama ； late Ming and early Qing ； social mentality ； Li Yu

參考文獻

元王實甫。麗春堂。

元關漢卿。拜月亭。

明何良俊(1959)。四友齋叢說。

明余懷(1978)。三吳遊覽志。

明李清(1982)。三垣筆記。