清代士大夫的旅遊活動與論述－以江南為討論中心

Gentry Travel Culture in Qing-dynasty China -A Case Study of the Jiangnan Region

巫仁恕(Wu Jen-shu)

《近代史研究所集刊》 50期 (2005/12) Pp. 235-285

https://doi.org/10.6353/BIMHAS.200512.0235

摘要

本文嘗試由三個角度來探討明清兩代的文化是否連續或斷裂的問題：第一，從旅遊文化史的角度來分析，晚明時在士大夫階層中達到空前高峰的旅遊風氣與文化，從明清之際到康熙末年以後，由衰退走向再興的過程。由此可見，清廷入關並沒有完全阻礙士大夫的文化活動與發展。然而這並不代表清代士大夫的旅遊文化，完全承繼晚明的特色，因為兩者之間倒有許多的差異與變化。其次，就士大夫旅遊活動的外在變化而言，本文分別從旅遊的地點、食宿、交通工具、攜帶的器具等方面作探討，結果顯示清代旅遊消費的商品化現象，較晚明有過之而無不及，不過在許多技術層面並沒有革命性的突破。第三，雖然明清兩朝政權轉移與異族統治等「斷裂」的表象之下，並沒有完全阻礙士大夫的文化活動與發展，然而從文化內在變遷的角度來分析，則顯示清人的遊記書寫相較於明人有截然不同的轉變。晚明士大夫遊記中所呈現的雅俗區分與品味塑造的論述，在清人的遊記書寫已不成為主流，而是轉向知識性的「考古」論述。反映清代士大夫在休閒旅遊之外，重視知識探索的旅遊風氣崛起，並逐漸成為當時的主流論述。這股潮流可能影響到晚清的經世之學。

關鍵字

明清 ； 士大夫 ； 旅遊文化 ； 江南 ； 遊記書寫 ； 旅遊論述

並列摘要

This paper adopts three different perspectives in order to explore issues of change and continuity in gentry travel culture during the Ming-Qing period. I begin by showing that gentry travel reached an unprecedented peak in the late Ming period, but began to decline during the chaotic years of the Ming-Qing transition. It took until the end of the Kangxi reign , when China regained political and economic stability, for gentry travel culture to revive . At the same time, however, while the Qing state did not totally hinder the development of gentry culture, travel activities of Qing gentry did not fully inherit the characteristics of the late Ming. The second section of this paper focuses on changes in the external aspects of gentry travel culture, including scenic spots , lodging and cuisine, modes of transportation, utensils carried by traveling gentry , and so forth. My research points to a strong commercialization of tourism-related consumption during the Qing dynasty, which proved relatively more developed than the late Ming despite the absence of revolutionary breakthroughs in most technological aspects. It is also clear that Qing gentry resembled the gentry of the late Ming period in placing great emphasis on comfort and travel for pleasure. Third, a marked change in gentry culture may be found in the realm of travel writing, as seen in the differences between the travel notes composed during the high Qing and those of the late Ming. Some Qing gentry discourse about travel followed Ming models in stressing the contrasts between gentry and commoner travel. However, this phenomenon was no longer mainstream, as discussions of the history of scenic spots became the dominant mode of travel writing during the high Qing. Such a trend might even have influenced the statecraft theories of the late Qing.

並列關鍵字

Ming-Qing era ； gentry ； travel culture ； Jiangnan ； travel writing ； discourse about travel

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