日常生活的權力場域：以民國上海百貨公司店職員為例

本文主要從三方面探討民國時期上海百貨公司店職員的日常生活：百貨公司業主、報紙文人、共產黨人。企業家重視店職員的日常生活，主要基於管理的需要：為追求利潤而創造高效率的勞動力、為降低勞資糾紛的風險等。而上海報界出現一陣對市井小民生活百態的興趣，不但為了擴展閱報大眾，將報導內容伸向社會各階層，也在樹立某種生活典範。至於共產黨人更利用店職員的業餘活動進行政治動員，吸收黨員以壯大在上海的群眾基礎。透過分析這三者對店職員工作與娛樂的規範、討論與動員，本文希望了解各個行動者在日常生活場域中所展現的互動關係。同樣重要的是，店職員本身如何做出日常生活的各種安排與決定：在面對業主關於工作與娛樂的各項要求時，店職員如何回應？這些討論的目的，不在於鉅細靡遺地舖陳店職員的生活細節，而是透過不同行動者對店職員日常生活的規範與建構，凸顯彼此間的權力關係：究竟權力支配者與市井小民存在何種利益與衝突？換言之，本文並非將日常生活當作－界線明確、透明的物質場域，而是視為聲音紛雜、充滿競爭與協商的權力場域。

關鍵字

日常生活；百貨公司；店職員；工作；娛樂；現代性

並列摘要

This article examines the work and leisure life of department store employees in Republican Shanghai through three perspectives: those of employers, journalists, and Communists. In order to create an efficient workforce, companies set up regulations to award and discipline their staffs. Newspapers began publishing new columns specifically targetted at shopkeepers in order to attract greater audiences. The Communists organized workers' clubs to establish urban bases for the Party. Behind all these efforts is revealed common ideological concerns felt by these various actors, above all, a concern to develop modernity among ordinary people. In the meantime, department store workers did not passively follow what they were told, but tried to claim their autonomy in the realm of everyday life. This study offers a rethinking of the nature of the everydayness: fraught with contradictions and struggles, it is the ”container” for negotiations of power relations.