The Effect of School-based Adventure Education on Problem Solving: A Quasi-Experiment

以體驗學習課程提升問題解決能力之準實驗研究

鍾才元(Tsai-Yuan Chung) ； 柯景耀(Jing-Yao Ko) ； 陳明終(Ming-Chun Chen) ； 楊政穎(Cheng-Ying Yang)

《體驗教育學報》 9期 (2015/12) Pp. 53-81

摘要

本準實驗研究探討以校內體驗學習課程提升學生問題解決能力之成效。研究者於臺北市區某一國小六年學生中隨機抽取二班學生作為樣本，隨機分派其中一班為實驗組，另一班則為控制組，兩班人數相等，各有男生16人，女生17人。實驗組學生參加為期六週、於綜合活動領域課程時間進行之低冒險性體驗學習課程，控制組學生則參加例行之綜合活動領域課程。二組於實驗前後各參加一次問題解決能力測驗（詹秀美、吳武典，2007）。每位學生在此測驗可得三個分量表分數（界定問題、解決問題、預防問題）與二個向度分數（變通性及有效性）。研究者以二組學生在問題解決能力測驗之前測分數作為共變數，以後測分數作為依變數，進行二因子（組別x性別）共變數分析。分析結果顯示，實驗組學生在解決問題、預防問題、變通性、與有效性方面的表現均優於控制組學生。根據實驗結果，研究者提出綜合活動領域課程、學生輔導與後續研究之相關建議。

關鍵字

體驗學習 ； 冒險教育 ； 問題解決 ； 準實驗研究 ； 綜合活動學習領域

並列摘要

This paper describes a quasi-experiment that examined the effect of school-based adventure education on students' problem-solving skills. Two classes of 6th-grade students were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG) or a control group (CG). While CG students were attending their regular curriculum of Integrated Activities and Learning, EG students participated in a 6-week school-based adventure education program composed by 18 activity units, each featuring a portable low-risk adventure activity. Prior to and after the experiment, both EG and CG were administered the New Edition of Problem-Solving Test (Chan & Wu, 2007), which yielded three mini-test scores (defining the cause, solving the problem, and preventing the problem) and two dimension scores (flexibility and effectiveness). In order to examine whether EG outperformed CG on the five measures of problem solving, the participants' performance on the problem-solving test at the end of the experiment was analyzed by 2 (Group) x 2 (Gender) analysis of covariance, with their pretest score as a covariate. Results revealed that EG scored significantly greater than CG in problem solving , problem preventing, flexibility, and effectiveness. The results are discussed in terms of implications on curriculum and implementation of Integrated Activities and Learning and student counseling, followed by suggestions for future research.

並列關鍵字

experiential learning ； adventure education ； problem solving ； Integrated Activities and Learning ； quasi-experiment

參考文獻

Bandura, A.(1965).Vicarious processes: A case of no-trial learning.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.2,1-55.

Bandura, A.(1977).Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.Psychological Review.84(2),191-215.

Bowen, D. J.,Neill, J. T.(2013).A meta-analysis of adventure therapy outcomes and moderators.The Open Psychology Journal.6(1),28-53.

Bransford, J. D.,Stein, B. S.(1993).The IDEAL problem solver: A guide for improving thinking, learning, and creativity.New York:Freeman.

Berry, M.(ed.),Hodgson, C.(ed.)(2011).Adventure education: An introduction.NY:Taylor & Francis.