軍功與清代侍衛制

A Research about the Relationship between the Military Decoration and the Shiwei System in Qing Dynasty

陳章(Chen, Zhang)

《暨南史學》 19期 (2016/07) Pp. 103-138

摘要

侍衛制是清代一項重要制度，研究卻相當薄弱。侍衛出征在入關前甚是普遍，努爾哈齊與皇太極身邊的侍衛追隨主子出生入死，至乾隆朝，征伐不斷，侍衛帶兵打仗愈加頻繁，立下軍功之侍衛其晉升速度遠超常規管道，這除了體現滿洲尚武之傳統，亦反映侍衛這一職銜的特性。侍衛乃武官之表率，具備良好的騎射技藝是從軍的必要條件，欲立軍功，騎射更需精進，故有清一代對侍衛的騎射技藝相當重視，這亦與侍衛尚武本色相關。此外，依清制，漢人無資格擔任乾清門侍衛和御前侍衛，爬梳史料，卻發現有不少例外。本文對楊芳、劉國梁、陳大用、楊遇春、劉國慶、岳鐘璜、余步雲、劉榮慶等漢人內廷侍衛這一特殊群體進行考辨，從其生平入手，探討其何以能超擢為內廷侍衛，從而展示以軍功反哺仕途之效。

關鍵字

侍衛 ； 軍功 ； 內廷侍衛 ； 騎射 ； 清史

並列摘要

Shiwei(侍衛) is an important and unique system in Qing Dynasty. During the period of Qianlong era(乾隆時期), lots of wars happened in the borderlines, so there were more and more shiwei joined the army, regarded as troops during the wars, and the military decoration could be a quicker pace than the ordinary promotion for shiwei, which not only reflected the Manchu martial tradition, but also reflected the characteristics of the title of shiwei. Good riding and shooting skills(騎射技藝) are necessary skill in the army, but the riding and shooting requirement for shiwei are much more sophisticated, which is also associated with shiwei's warlike character. In addition, according to the Qing system, Han Chinese could be not the Qianqingmen shiwei(乾清門侍衛) and Yuqian shiwei(御前侍衛), but actually there are many exceptions. For instance,Yang Fang(楊芳), Liu Guoliang(劉國梁), Chen Dayong(陳大用), Yang Yuchun(楊遇春), Liu Guoqing(劉國慶), Yue Zhonghuang(岳鐘璜), Yu Buyun(余步雲), Liurong Qing(劉榮慶), were Qianqingmen shiwei and Yuqian shiwei, this article will discuss how these Han Chinese could be promoted to such high level, demonstrating how the military decoration could benift to their career.

並列關鍵字

Shiwei ； Military Decoration ； the Inner Court Shiwei ； archery ； Qing history

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