早期道教喪葬儀式的形成

道教與漢代墓券所代表的宗教傳統之間有著不甚相同的宗教關懷，前者更多著重於救度亡者方面，而與後者所強調的「生死異路」有所區隔。然而，這樣的區隔是否在道教成立初期便已存在？或者如同目前出土墓券資料所顯示的那樣，道教是在南朝之後才真正提出這一方面的禮儀實踐？本文以學界對初期道教與漢代墓券之間關係的思考為出發點，以唐代以前的道教喪葬儀式作為考察對象，探究早期道教喪葬儀式的發展情形。其中包括早期天師道如何以死亡為殗穢的思想，從而限制其喪葬儀式的發展；早期靈寶經派所提出的齋儀雖然具有救濟亡者的功效，卻也只是用以超度亡故已久的先祖，並非作為喪葬儀式之用。初期道教在喪葬儀式這個領域明顯缺席，這樣的情形一直要到東晉末南朝初期《度人經》、《五煉生尸經》的出世才有了改變。道教徒－尤其是《靈寶經》的信奉者－此時才開始考慮他們應該在喪葬儀式中提供符合自身教義的儀式選項，以之協助那些來不及在此世完成修行的信仰者。靈寶經派所提出的度亡儀式很快在江南地區流行，不只成為倣效對象，同時也激發南朝天師道開始提供這一方面的儀式服務。

關鍵字

道教；天師道；五煉生尸經；喪葬；度亡；死者儀式

並列摘要

There is very little similarity between the religious concerns of Daoism and those of the religious traditions represented by Han Dynasty tomb contracts. The former tend to place greater emphasis on the salvation of the dead, whereas the latter stresses the distinctions between the ”different paths taken by the living and the dead”. Did this kind of distinction exist during the early formation of Daoism or did it appear earlier? Or, as indicated by recently excavated grave contracts, did Daoism only adopt this ritual practice after the Southern Dynasties? This paper begins with the relationship between early Daoism and Han grave contracts, and investigates pre-Tang Daoist funerary ritual, placing the development of early Daoist funerary rituals in their historical context. The investigation includes early Celestial Master thinking regarding the polluted nature of the dead, which thus limited the development of funerary rites. It also includes the Lingbao Purification Rites, which, despite being touted as being able to aid the dead, were only actually used for the salvation of long-dead ancestors, and thus were not used for funerary purposes. The lack of funerary rites in Early Daoist ritual did not change until the appearance of the Scripture of Salvation (Durenjing 度人經) and the Scripture of Five Refinements of Living Beings and Corpses (Wulian shengshi jing 五煉生尸經) in the late Eastern Jin and early Southern Dynasties. It was only at this time that Daoists, particularly adherents of the Lingbao scriptures, began to consider rituals suited to their own doctrine, which could offer support to those unable to complete their cultivation in their own lifetime. Lingbao rituals for salvation of the dead not only became very popular in the Jiangnan region in their own right, but also inspired Southern Celestial Master Daoists to begin offering this kind of ritual service as well.