清修官史中明代戰車史論辨誤新論

A New View Regarding the Erroneous Accounts on the Ming Dynasty's Use of Battlewagon in the Official Histories Compiled by the Qing Dynasty

周維強(Wei-Qiang Zhou)

《淡江史學》 21期 (2009/09) Pp. 111-160

https://doi.org/10.29712/THR.200909.0005

摘要

乾隆晚期修纂完成的《明史》和《欽定續文獻通考》，是清代官方修纂前朝史的兩部重要史書。兩書對於明代戰車的評價極為負面，認為明代戰車是「無用、未戰」和「無實用、難當敵」，這些觀點影響甚巨。以往學者曾嘗試從史料中發掘明代戰車史事反駁此一觀點，然斬獲十分有限。本文擬另開闢兩個新思路：一方面考察《明史》和《欽定續文獻通考》的修纂過程，以檢視明代戰車史論的形成，並考訂其修纂過程中產生的謬誤；另一方面，則耙梳《滿文原檔》、《滿洲實錄》和《太祖實錄》等清代開國史料所載明代戰車的活動，並分析這些史料被忽視的可能原因。本研究所提供之證據，已經徹底推翻清修官史中明代戰車的錯謬史論。

關鍵字

明代戰車 ； 火砲 ； 明史•兵志 ； 續文獻通考 ； 滿洲實錄 ； 滿文原檔

並列摘要

Compiled by the official during the final years of Qianlong's reign, Mingshi (明史) and Qinding Xu Wenxian Tongkao (欽定續文獻通考) are the authoritative historical accounts of the Ming dynasty. Both of them viewed the Ming battlewagons negatively, and suggested that they were ”useless and have never seen a battle” or ”impractical and not battleworthy.” Their view greatly influenced later scholars. Some academic rebels tried to use historical records to debunk the widely-accepted view but in vain. This article presents two new approaches to disprove the negative view: 1. We investigated the compilation process of Mingshi and Qinding Xu Wenxian Tongkao to see how they came to the conclusion and how many mistakes were made; 2. On the other hand, we thoroughly examined the Original Manchurian Archives (滿文原檔) and early Qing Archives and uncovered a treasury of actual battlewagon usage records. Then we proposed hypothesis as to why these records were ignored. The evidence presented by us successfully debunked the established view regarding the battlewagons in the official Ming history authored by Qing scholars.

並列關鍵字

battlewagons ； artillery ； Mingshi Bingzhi the Treatises on military affairs in the History of the Ming dynasty ； Xu Wenxian Tongkao 續文獻通考 ； Original Manchu Archives 滿文原檔 ； military history

參考文獻

清張廷玉裁(1975)。明史。北京:中華書局。

清嵇璜(1987)。欽定續文獻通考。臺北:臺灣商務印書館。

李天鳴()。

(1994)。中國兵書集成。北京:解放軍出版社。

明陳子龍選輯(1997)。明經世文編。北京:中華書局。