另一種觀賽－運動知識的現象學描繪

觀看一場比賽，有不同的觀看方式、不同的觀看者和不同的分析方式。本文以現場的觀看、涉入身體的選手觀看和現象學式的觀看作為研究的方式。藉由與羽球選手一同觀看比賽，蒐集羽球選手在觀看比賽時所作的賽事解讀，而後以現象學的思維分析，藉以呈現出羽球的運動知識內容、並分析選手觀賽的本質與特徵。首先，現象學的思維，可以具體為三個主要概念：(1)回到事物本身；(2)範疇直觀－認記與勾劃；(3)語言表達出人對事物的理解。選手觀賽的內容，藉由賽事解讀的現象學式分析，可以區別為以下四個類別：(1)球的節奏；(2)手的節奏；(3)腳的節奏；(4)精神狀態。其次，對選手觀賽的本質與特徵進行現象學式分析，可釐清出兩個特徵：(1)具有處理細緻且多重的關聯能力；(2)具有置身其中且自我移置的能力。最後，提出運動知識的三個本質：(1)是釐清關係、讓事物各歸其位；(2)是細緻且多重的實踐知識；(3)是身體的知識。

關鍵字

運動知識；現象學；觀賽結構；範疇認記；範疇勾劃

並列摘要

There are different ways to watch games, there are various kinds of spectators, and there are a variety of methods of analyzing games. The research approaches in this article include watching live games, watching games by players involved physically, and watching games phenomenologically. By watching games with badminton players, the data are collected from the commentary on games done by badminton players. Then they are analyzed by means of the thoughts of phenomenology to present the contents of athletic knowledge in badminton and analyze the essences and characteristics of watching games by players. Firstly, the thoughts of phenomenology can be specified as three major concepts: (A) going back to the things themselves, (B) categorical intuition-recognition and articulation, (C) expressing people’s comprehension of things through language. By phenomenological analysis of commentary on games, the contents of watching games by players can be divided into four categories: (A) the rhythm of the shuttlecocks, (B) the rhythm of the hands, (C) the rhythm of the feet, (D) the mentality. Secondly, the phenomenological analysis of the essences and characteristics of watching games by players can clarify two traits: (A) the ability to deal with delicate and manifold relation, (B) the capacity for involvement and displacement. Lastly, three essences of athletic knowledge are presented: (A) clarifying relations and letting things stay where they are, (B) delicate and manifold practical knowledge, and (C) physical knowledge.