德行與理性之互蘊─論亞里斯多德的德行觀

The Connection between Virtue and Reason-On Aristotle's Thought of Virtue

洪櫻芬(Ying-Fen Hung)

《高應科大人文社會科學學報》 3卷 (2006/07) Pp. 233-243

https://doi.org/10.29888/KUASJHSS.200607.0011

摘要

德行之培養和實踐，須有理性之指引，人所表現之行為活動具有功能和特色，其中最主要且異於動物之特徵就是根據理智去生活。人們在判定何謂合宜行動上，即使沒有普遍性的判準或規則，但依著「實踐智慧」，將能朝向適宜的目的。每一德行關聯著實踐智慧，「實踐智慧」是道德生活的必要條件，也是人生目標的重要成分。若看人類的「環境」德行是工具性的善，藉著吾人的處境，使吾人能有順利完成特殊任務的傾向。德行是持續的，在人生中有長期的延伸。氣質傾向或德行，並不是人性中基本不變的事物，傾向或德行唯有透過修為、鍛鍊，才能獲得，且其發展對於幸福的獲得，是具決定性的。亞里斯多德定義「幸福」為靈魂符應完美德行的活動，亦即達到幸福的前提就在於德行。而人類對德行的需求，聯結著人類的繁盛。當然，德行的獲得並不是內在的，德行是在環境的參與中漸漸形成，其中還需要實踐智慧之參與。實踐智慧是在理智中展現德行，也就是明智。明智是理智的德行，在有關人類行動上能促使人掌握真理，唯有伴隨理性而來的德行，才是值得言讚揚的德行。德行與惡行的區分，就在於是否展現符合正確原則的明智行為。完滿的德行需要明智的內在視野方能臻至。

關鍵字

德行 ； 理性 ； 亞里斯多德 ； 實踐智慧

並列摘要

Humankind's activities have faculty and character. The main character is reason. Soul's reason is what makes a different from an animal. People's judgment and conduct will be appropriate if they follow practical wisdom. It doesn't need external code to demand how to do it. Every virtue connects with practical wisdom. Practical wisdom not only helps one to achieve the aim of life, but also is an essential condition for moral life. Virtue encourages us to complete special task successfully. Virtue is durable in livelihood, but virtue does not remain unchangeable. Virtue will develop through self-cultivation. Aristotle defines ”happiness” as soul corresponding to perfect virtue. In other words, the prerequisite of happiness is virtue. Human virtue relates to human's thriving. Man wanting to acquire virtue needs to combine many factors, including environ and practical wisdom. Practical wisdom is virtue of reason, namely prudence is virtue of reason. The difference between virtue and vice depends on if it is in accordance with the right rule or not. The right rule is in accordance with prudence. Perfect virtue must combine judgment with prudence.

並列關鍵字

Virtue ； Reason ； Aristotle ； Practical Wisdom