民事訴訟之程序權保障：以通常訴訟程序當事人之程序權為中心

民事訴訟法於1999年至2003年全面修正中，就訴訟程序所為重大改革之－係強化當事人之程序主體權。就事前之程序保障而言，既充實陳述權、證明權及資訊權等辯論權，又擴大訴變更、追加權及反訴權等合併審判權。為實質保障此等程序權，並加重法官之闡明義務，在一定情形要求其表明法律見解、公開心證，或課以曉諭訴變更、追加及反訴之義務，以利當事人平衡追求實體利益與程序利益，防止發生突襲及突襲性裁判。為便利兩造平衡追求上述利益，進而賦予各種程序選擇權，使其在審理原則、實體內容及紛爭解決方式等方面得合意形成審判程序及審判內容，更加實質參與形成訴訟程序，甚至自主、自律性處理、解決紛爭，而未必依法律本身或法院裁判所示之他律性者。就事後之程序保障而言，當事人對於基準時前已存在事證、法律關係之辯論權，無論係因可歸責於法院或他造之事由致其不得行使，或其已行使而法院竟漏未斟酌判斷，均得據以對確定判決提起再審之訴；當事人對於基準時後實際發生之事實，若其異於確定判決所預測者，致尚未實現之判決內容因此情事變更而顯失公平，亦得據以提起變更該判決之訴。

關鍵字

程序保障；辯論權；證明權；變更判決之訴；程序選擇權；合併審判權

並列摘要

The important amendment of civil procedure form 1999 to 2003 is strengthening parties' procedural autonomy rights. For the beforehand protection, it fulfills the adversary rights such as stating, proving, and getting information; and it broadens the rights to joint trial such as change and addition of actions and counterclaim. To protect procedural rights above substantially, to make it convenient for parties to pursue the balance of substantial and procedural interests, and to prevent surprise and surprising judgments, it also sharpens the clarify duty of judges to disclose their opinions about law and own impression in certain circumstances, and to notify the opportunities to change, add actions and counterclaim. To make it convenient for parties pursue interests above, the amendment grants various rights to procedural options, which make parties could form the procedures and contents of the trial based on agreements. Furthermore, they may solve disputes themselves without laws and judgments. For Post protection, if the adversary right about fact, evidence and relations of law existed before close of pleading is violated (from the court or other party), the violated party could apply for a re-trial; if the fact happened after close of pleading is different from what judgment forecasted, and that makes the unrealized contents of judgment unfair, the violated party could apply for judgment-change trial.