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  • 學位論文

金融自由化導致金融危機?—墨西哥與南韓金融改革政策比較

Does Financial Liberalization Cause Financial Crisis? A Comparison of Financial Reforms in Mexico and South Korea

指導教授 : 朱雲漢

摘要


1970年代後期開始,在英美兩國的帶領之下,金融自由化的風潮興起,大量資金在全球流動,使得新興工業化國家為吸引外來資金,爭相放鬆金融管制之時,比以前更加迅速的資本流動也在新興工業化國家帶來「經濟榮景未必直接與實質經濟部門的發展相關」的副作用,而同樣兼具幣值危機、銀行業危機與外債危機性質的1994年墨西哥披索危機和1997年波及南韓的東亞金融風暴,就是最好的見證。 由於國家經濟問題上的結構性缺陷通常源於制度,而制度能否改變,又深受一國政治經濟發展過程中,普遍模式與因緣際會事件的影響力大小和箇中關聯所影響。因此,透過文獻分析,以「歷史制度論(historical institutionalism)」解釋墨西哥與南韓金融政策演變,並將「路徑依賴(path dependency)」理論從屬於歷史制度論之下,觀察墨西哥與南韓金融體系從管制到自由化的過程,吾人可發現無論是墨西哥政府還是南韓政府,在創造制度時與大財團合作或是扶植財霸的作法,都同時塑造了政府後來想改革制度時,無法逃脫大財團影響的宿命。儘管1980年代墨西哥與南韓嚴重的外債問題都為兩國金融體系的改革帶來了轉變的契機,但是路徑依賴中的「鎖定效應(lock-in effect)」卻經常讓政策改革大打折扣,以致1980年代兩國的金融自由化事實上都是「寡占的自由化」,在政府逐漸把金融體系的控制權讓給私人,卻未能進行「再管制(re-regulation)」,建立徵信、風險評估與成本考量的概念與模式的情況下,大財團與財霸可以肆無忌憚的進行風險甚高的借貸行為,終究累積了大量外債,以致於當投機性攻擊來臨時,墨西哥與南韓都無法倖免於金融危機的後果,但1990年代的金融危機也為兩國金融體系的改革帶來另一個轉捩點。 雖然金融風暴逼使墨西哥與南韓都為了得到IMF的援助,而必須依照IMF的藥方進行經濟改革,可是危機是否會為制度改革帶來機會,端賴於行為者對危機原因的認知。儘管墨西哥的銀行壞帳問題確實相當嚴重,但是IMF認為問題的重點並不在銀行層面,而長期政商勾結的「鎖定效應」也使得墨西哥解決不良資產的方式複雜又緩慢,並不像南韓在IMF的外來壓力、總統對經濟問題的認知,以及國內長期詬病財霸問題的聲浪之下,認為要解決問題,就必須直接改革企業與金融機構,使得兩國儘管都執行了經濟改革,但改革後兩國的經濟體質卻是天差地遠。因此,1980年代的金融自由化並不是造成金融危機的原因,而僅僅是揭露國家金融體系上既有結構性缺陷的媒介;真正的自由金融市場,必須在足夠的管制監理措施下運作,方能維護投資人的權益,而不淪為為私人利益服務的工具。

並列摘要


From the latter half of 1970s, a huge amount of capital flows globally with the emergence of financial liberalization, which makes newly-industrialized countries loosen their financial regulations in order to attract capital flow in. However, such capital inflow often creates prosperous illusions yet hardly contributes to real sector development, and the financial crises in 1994 and 1997 reveal the structural backwardness in Mexican and South Korean economies under financial liberalization. Since the economic structural backwardness usually originates from institutional arrangement, and the constant causes and historical contingencies in national political and economic development deeply influence structural change, hence to explain and compare the financial evolution of Mexico and South Korea with historical institutionalism and path dependency is a way to find those problems embedded in their financial institutions. From various literatures we can see the conglomerates in both countries lock themselves into the financial institutions when cooperating with the governments and then become essential actors to affect the results of financial reform. Therefore, the financial liberalization in Mexico and South Korea only catalyzes their financial crises and unveil those existing problems.

參考文獻


陳光彥. (2004). 南韓金融體系的發展:制度、危機與轉型. 東海大學社會學研究所, 台中.
Arner, D. W. (1996). The Mexican Peso Crisis : Implications for the Regulation of Financial Markets London: International Financial & Tax Law Unit, Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London, in cooperation with the London Centre for International Banking Studies and The London Institute of International Banking, finance & Development Law.
Bennett, D., & Sharpe, K. (1980). The State as Banker and Entrepreneur: The Last-Resort Character of the Mexican State's Economic Invervention, 1917-76. Comparative Politics, 12(2), pp. 165-189.
Centeno, M. A., & Maxfield, S. (1992). The Marriage of Finance and Order: Changes in the Mexican Political Elite. Journal of Latin American Studies, 24(1), pp. 57-85.
Chang, H.-J., Park, H.-J., & Yoo, C. G. (1998). Interpreting the Korean Crisis: Financial Liberalisation, Industrial Policy and Corporate Governance. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 22, pp. 735-746.

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